Plant assets are long-term tangible assets used in business operations, with extended useful lives and their value tracked through depreciation and book value calculations.
Plant assets are essential for business operations and have extended useful lives spanning multiple periods. When acquiring such assets, their purchase price and accumulated depreciation are recorded in the accounting books to track their value over time. These long-term, tangible assets are instrumental in generating profits and are expected to provide economic benefits for more than a year. As time passes, the value of plant assets depreciates, which is recognized through the deduction of accumulated depreciation from the asset's cost. By calculating the book value, which is the difference between the cost and accumulated depreciation, companies can report the remaining value of the asset on their financial statements. This book value signifies the portion of the asset's value that is yet to be consumed or utilized.In conclusion, plant assets are essential for businesses, with their value tracked through depreciation and book value calculations to accurately reflect their worth over time.
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Manama Trading has $8,000 of cash sales that are subject to an additional 8% sales tax, what is the journal entry to record the cash sales in the company books? OA Debit Cash $ 8,000, credit Sales $ 7
The correct journal entry to record the cash sales in the company books is: Debit Cash $8,000, credit Sales $7,360, credit Sales Taxes Payable $640. Therefore, the correct option is (A).
The correct journal entry to record the cash sales in the company books is: Debit Cash $8,000, credit Sales $7,360, credit Sales Taxes Payable $640.This journal entry reflects the cash sales of $8,000 in the Cash account, representing an increase in the company's cash balance. The Sales account is credited for the net sales amount of $7,360, which is the cash sales amount minus the sales tax. The Sales Taxes Payable account is credited for the sales tax amount of $640, representing the liability to remit the collected sales tax to the tax authorities.By using this entry, the company properly records the cash sales revenue, recognizes the sales tax liability, and records the net sales amount in its financial statements. This ensures accurate reporting and compliance with tax regulations.Therefore, the correct option is (A).
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Question:
Manama Trading has $8,000 of cash sales that are subject to an additional 8% sales tax, what is the journal entry to record the cash sales in the company books?
A) Debit Cash $ 8,000, credit Sales $ 7,360, credit Sales Taxes Payable $640.
B) Debit Cash $ 8,000, credit Sales $ 8,000, and record the taxes when paid.
C) Debit Sales Taxes Payable $ 640, debit Cash $ 7,360, credit Sales $ 8,000.
D) Debit Cash $ 8,640, credit Sales $ 8,000, credit Sales Taxes Payable $ 640.
Suppose that B2B, Inc., has a capital structure of 36 percent equity, 16 percent preferred stock, and 48 percent debt. Assume the before-tax component costs of equity, preferred stock, and debt are 13.5 percent, 9.0 percent, and 8.5 percent, respectively. What is B2B’s WACC if the firm faces an average tax rate of 30 percent?
The way a corporation finances its overall activities and development by a combination of equity, debt, or preference shares is known as capital structure. In other words, capital structure refers to the method a corporation uses to raise funds from various sources to meet its investment needs.
The cost of capital or the WACC of a corporation depends on its capital structure. Here, in the given problem, the cost of capital is determined by the capital structure of the firm. Suppose that B2B, Inc., has a capital structure of 36 percent equity, 16 percent preferred stock, and 48 percent debt. Assume the before-tax component costs of equity, preferred stock, and debt are 13.5 percent, 9.0 percent, and 8.5 percent, respectively. What is B2B’s WACC if the firm faces an average tax rate of 30 percent?Given: Cost of Equity (Re) = 13.5%Cost of Preferred Stock (Rp) = 9%Cost of Debt (Rd) = 8.5%Equity (E) = 36%Preferred Stock (PS) = 16%Debt (D) = 48%Tax rate (T) = 30%WACC is given by the following formula:WACC = (E / V) * Re + (PS / V) * Rp + (D / V) * Rd * (1 - T)Where,E = Market Value of the Firm's EquityV = Total .
Market Value of the Firm's Capital (E + PS + D)Re = Cost of EquityPS = Market Value of the Firm's Preferred StockRp = Cost of Preferred StockD = Market Value of the Firm's DebtRd = Cost of DebtT = Corporate Tax RateBy substituting the given values, we get;WACC = (0.36 * 0.135) + (0.16 * 0.09) + (0.48 * 0.085) * (1 - 0.30)WACC = 0.08082 or 8.08%
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under perfect competition, the efficient level of output is produced because a. government regulates the output level that must be produced. b. firms can earn an economic profit in the long run. c. firms earn only a normal profit in the long run. d. price equals marginal cost.
Under perfect competition, the efficient level of output is produced because d. price equals marginal cost.
Why does the efficient level of output occur under perfect competition?In perfect competition, the efficient level of output is produced when price equals marginal cost. This condition ensures that resources are allocated in the most efficient manner and maximizes overall social welfare.
When price equals marginal cost, it means that the cost of producing an additional unit of output is equal to the price at which the product is sold. This equilibrium condition signals that firms are producing the optimal quantity of goods and services to satisfy consumer demand while minimizing production costs.
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Under perfect competition, the efficient level of output is produced because price equals marginal cost. Option D is correct
The concept of perfect competitionPrice is determined by the interaction of market forces, specifically the forces of supply and demand, in a market with perfect competition.
Every company in the market is a price taker, which means they have no control over the price and are forced to accept the going rate. When the market price and the marginal cost of production are identical, the output is at its most efficient level.
At this level, enterprises are producing goods and services in a way that optimizes social welfare while resources are allocated optimally. There is an incentive to expand output when the price is higher than the marginal cost, whereas there is an incentive to decrease production when the price is lower than the marginal cost. under order to produce at the level where the price matches the marginal cost under perfect competition to achieve efficiency.
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HW 5 i 3 Feather Friends, Incorporated, distributes a high-quality wooden birdhouse that sells for $120 per unit. Variable expenses are $60.00 per unit, and fixed expenses total $180,000 per year. Its
The contribution margin ratio when Feather Friends, Inc., distributes a high-quality wooden birdhouse that sells for $120 per unit is 50%
How to calculate the valueDivide the contribution margin by the sales to get the contribution margin (CM) ratio. The contribution margin is calculated as sales revenue minus variable expenses. Based on the information provided:
Contribution margin will be Sales - Variable expenses
Contribution margin = $3,240,000 - $1,620,000
Contribution margin = $1,620,000
CM ratio will be Contribution margin / Sales
CM ratio = $1,620,000 / $3,240,000
CM ratio ≈ 0.5 or 50%
Therefore, the product's CM ratio is 50%.
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Feather Friends, Inc., distributes a high-quality wooden birdhouse that sells for $120 per unit. Variable expenses are $60.00 per unit, and fixed expenses total $160,000 per year. Its operating results for last year were as follows:
Sales $ 3,240,000
Variable expenses 1,620,000
Contribution margin 1,620,000
Fixed expenses 160,000
Net operating income $ 1,460,000
Required:
1. What is the product's CM ratio?
FILL IN THE BLANK. employees’ ability to choose among several types and styles of desk chairs:
The given statement will be: Employees' ability to choose among several types and styles of desk chairs: Increases job satisfaction.
There are various factors that impact job satisfaction, and one of them is employees' ability to choose among several types and styles of desk chairs. The statement shows that when employees are provided with the choice to choose among several types and styles of desk chairs, they are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs.
Hence, job satisfaction increases.Therefore, it can be concluded that the employees' ability to choose among several types and styles of desk chairs increases job satisfaction.
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CASE STUDY - THE COMPLETE ACCOUNTING CYCLE
Name: ___________________________________
This Case Study is worth 100 points, or 10% of your final course grade.
This Case Study relates to TCOs E and F, and Chapters 3 and 4.
MAKE SURE TO COMPLETE ALL REQUIREMENTS WHICH ARE LISTED BELOW.
There are 10 sheets in the Workbook, including this one.
All of the information that you need for the project is located in this Workbook.
Requirements Sheet in Workbook
Requirement 1—Prepare the Journal Entries in the General Journal Journal Entries
Requirement 2—Post Journal Entries to the General Ledger General Ledger
Requirement 3—Prepare a Trial Balance Trial Balance
Requirement 4—Prepare the Adjusting Entries Adjusting Entries
Requirement 5—Post Adjusting Entries to the General Ledger General Ledger
Requirement 6—Prepare an Adjusted Trial Balance Adjusted Trial Balance
Requirement 7—Prepare the Financial Statements Financial Statements
Requirement 8—Prepare the Closing Entries Closing Entries
Requirement 9—Post Closing Entries to the General Ledger General Ledger
Requirement 10—Prepare the Post Closing Trial Balance Post-Closing Trial Balance
Hint for success: Review the Week 2 and 3 Activities prior to starting this project.
You can hover over the red pointer at the top right-hand corner of the cell to read the hint.
Hints are provided for the following balances:
1) The debits for the journal entries are on the Journal Entries tab.
2) The credits for the journal entries are on the Journal Entries tab.
3) The cash balance is on the General Ledger tab.
4) The debits for the trial balance are on the Trial Balance tab.
5) The credits for the trial balance are on the Trial Balance tab.
6) The debits for the adjusted trial balance are on the Adjusted Trial Balance tab.
7) The credits for the adjusted trial balance are on the Adjusted Trial Balance tab.
8) Net income for the income statement is on the Financial Statements tab.
9) Retained earnings as of July 31 are on the Financial Statements tab.
10) Total assets for the balance sheet are on the Financial Statements tab.
11) Total liabilities and shareholders' equity for the balance sheet are on the Financial Statements tab.
12) The debits for the post-closing trial balance are on the Post-Closing Trial Balance tab.
13) The credits for the post-closing trial balance are on the Post-Closing Trial Balance tab.
The complete accounting cycle is a process that assists in the systematic recording, classification, and summarization of business activities within a specific accounting period. The cycle involves various steps that must be followed in a specific order to ensure that the financial records of the business are accurate.
The complete accounting cycle can be divided into ten different stages: preparing journal entries, posting journal entries to the general ledger, preparing the trial balance, adjusting entries, posting adjusting entries to the general ledger, preparing the adjusted trial balance, preparing the financial statements, closing entries, posting closing entries to the general ledger, and preparing the post-closing trial balance.
Each step in the accounting cycle plays a significant role in ensuring that the financial records of the business are complete and accurate. For instance, preparing journal entries assists in recording all transactions of the business that have occurred during a specific period. It is essential to follow the double-entry system when preparing journal entries to ensure that every transaction is recorded with equal debits and credits. Once the journal entries have been prepared, the next step is to post them to the general ledger, which provides a detailed account of all business transactions. It is necessary to prepare the trial balance after posting all journal entries to ensure that the total debits equal the total credits.
Adjusting entries are made after preparing the trial balance to record expenses and revenues that were not recorded during the initial journal entries. After the adjusting entries have been prepared and posted to the general ledger, the adjusted trial balance is prepared to ensure that the total debits and credits balance. The financial statements are then prepared using the information from the adjusted trial balance.
Finally, the post-closing trial balance is prepared to ensure that all temporary accounts have been closed and that the permanent accounts' balances are correct.
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Medilab Pharmaceuticals had EBIT of $331 million in 2016. In addition, Medilab had interest expenses of $157 million and a corporate tax rate of 30%. a. What is Medilab's 2016 net profit? b. What is the total of Medilab's 2016 net profit plus interest payments? c. If Medilab had no interest expenses, what would its 2016 net profit have been? How does it compare to your answer in part b? d. What is the amount of Medilab's interest tax shield in 2016?
a. Medilab's 2016 net profit was $ 139.7 million.
b. The total of Medilab's 2016 net profit plus interest payments was $ 296.7 million.
c. If Medilab had no interest expenses, its 2016 net profit would have been $ 488 million. The figure obtained in part b was $ 296.7 million. It is because interest expenses are tax-deductible, and Medilab was able to lower its taxes through the interest tax shield.
d. The amount of Medilab's interest tax shield in 2016 was $ 47.1 million.
Explanation:
a. Net profit can be obtained by deducting the interest expense and taxes from EBIT. Therefore, the formula for net profit can be written as follows :Net profit = EBIT - Interest expense - Taxes= $331 million - $157 million - ($331 million - $157 million) * 0.30= $139.7 million. Therefore, Medilab's 2016 net profit was $139.7 million.
b. The total of Medilab's 2016 net profit plus interest payments can be obtained by adding the net profit and interest expenses together . Net profit plus interest payments = Net profit + Interest expenses= $139.7 million + $157 million= $296.7 million. Therefore, the total of Medilab's 2016 net profit plus interest payments was $296.7 million.
c. If Medilab had no interest expenses, its 2016 net profit would have been higher because interest expenses are tax-deductible. Therefore, the net profit without interest expenses can be obtained by using the following formula:Net profit without interest expenses = EBIT * (1 - Tax rate)= $331 million * (1 - 0.30)= $231.7 millionThe difference between this figure and the figure obtained in part b is the interest tax shield. The net profit without interest expenses was $231.7 million, which is significantly higher than the figure obtained in part b.
d. The interest tax shield can be calculated as follows :Interest tax shield = Interest expense * Tax rate= $157 million * 0.30= $47.1 million. Therefore, the amount of Medilab's interest tax shield in 2016 was $47.1 million.
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which of the following is not an element of inventory holding costs? question 14 options: capital cost investment cost theft/ pilferage unit cost obsolescence cost
Unit cost is not an element of inventory holding costs.
The costs related to storing and maintaining inventory are referred to as inventory holding costs. The profitability of a business may be significantly impacted by these expenses. The capital cost (or carrying cost), investment cost, theft/pilferage cost and obsolescence cost are the main components of inventory holding costs.
The opportunity cost of investing money elsewhere instead of tying it up in inventory is known as capital cost. The cost of investment includes costs for producing, buying, and shipping inventory. Losses incurred as a result of theft or unauthorized access to inventory are referred to as theft/pilferage costs. The cost of obsolescence includes the depreciation or loss of value of inventory as a result of advancements in technology, shifting consumer tastes or expiration.
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In ________ a neutral person investigates a complaint and develops findings that may be the basis for resolving an employee complaint.
a. training in employment discrimination
b. more than half
c. fact finding
d. job applicants
Answer:
I believe the answer is C. fact finding
In option c. fact finding, a neutral person investigates a complaint and develops findings that may be the basis for resolving an employee complaint.
Fact-finding is the process of conducting a comprehensive examination or investigation of an issue or dispute with the goal of producing a neutral, impartial report of relevant evidence. Fact-finding is often employed in labor disputes, contract disputes, or other types of disputes. Fact-finding provides an independent investigation that can be used by parties to reach an agreement, or by a court or arbitrator to decide an issue in a case. In cases of workplace disputes, fact-finding is used to investigate complaints of discrimination, harassment, or other types of misconduct.
Fact-finding can help identify the relevant facts and evidence in a case, provide a neutral perspective on the situation, and develop findings that may be used to resolve the dispute. Often, a neutral third party, such as an investigator or mediator, will conduct the fact-finding investigation to ensure that the process is impartial and unbiased.
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On January 1, 2020, Canadian Co. acquired a 70 percent interest
in a Swiss company, for SF500,000. On that date, the exchange rate
was SF1 = C$1.07. Swiss Co is an integrated foreign operation
(i.e.,
On January 1, 2020, Canadian Co. acquired a 70 percent interest in a Swiss company, for SF500,000. On that date, the exchange rate was SF1 = C$1.07. Swiss Co is an integrated foreign operation (i.e., a subsidiary that maintains its accounting records in Swiss francs, which are its functional currency).
During 2020, Swiss Co reported a net income of SF80,000 and declared dividends of SF20,000 on July 1 and December 31. The exchange rates during 2020 were:Average for the year SF1 = C$1.05December 31, 2020 SF1 = C$1.02Prepare the journal entries that Canadian Co. should make in 2020, and provide the appropriate translation adjustments and gain or loss accounts required by IFRS. Assume that Canadian Co. applies the cost method and that it uses the temporal method to translate Swiss Co.’s financial statements to Canadian dollars.Under the cost method, the investment is initially recorded at cost (SF500,000 × C$1.07 = C$535,000).
Any dividends received are recorded as dividend income. At year-end, the investment’s carrying amount is compared with its fair value, and any impairment is recognized under IFRS. In this case, the investment’s carrying amount (in Swiss francs) is SF350,000 (70 percent × SF500,000) plus the dividends of SF20,000 received during the year, or SF370,000. The investment’s fair value (in Canadian dollars) at December 31, 2020, is SF350,000 × C$1.02 = C$357,000.
The temporal method is used to translate Swiss Co.’s financial statements because the Canadian dollar is the functional currency of Canadian Co. under IFRS. Under this method, monetary assets and liabilities are translated at the current exchange rate (SF1 = C$1.02), while nonmonetary assets and liabilities are translated at historical exchange rates. Revenues, expenses, gains, and losses are translated at the exchange rate in effect at the time they are recognized. The translation gains or losses are recorded in a cumulative translation adjustment (CTA) account, a separate component of other comprehensive income. In this case, translation gains or losses result from translating Swiss Co.’s financial statements from Swiss francs to Canadian dollars.On January 1, 2020, the investment in Swiss Co. is recorded at cost: Dr. Investment in Swiss Co. (at cost) C$535,000 Cr. Cash (C$535,000)During 2020, dividend income is recorded: Dr. Dividend income (C$28,000) Cr.
Investment in Swiss Co. (at cost) (C$28,000)At December 31, 2020,
Swiss Co.’s financial statements are translated to Canadian dollars as follows: Balance Sheet (December 31, 2020) Income Statement (for year ended December 31, 2020) (SF) (C$) (SF) (C$) Cash 105,000 102,900 Revenues 140,000 134,400 Accounts receivable 40,000 38,800 Cost of sales (80,000) (76,800) Inventory 100,000 97,800.
Gross profit 60,000 57,600 Property, plant, and equipment (net) 700,000 679,000 Selling and administrative expenses (20,000) (19,200) Total assets 945,000 916,100 Income before taxes 40,000 38,400 Accounts payable 65,000 63,100 Income tax expense (20,000) (19,200) Dividends declared (20,000) (19,400).
Total liabilities 85,000 82,700 Net income 20,000 19,200 Common shares 450,000 436,500 Retained earnings 410,000 397,900 Total equity 860,000 834,400 Total liabilities and equity 945,000 916,100At December 31, 2020,
the investment in Swiss Co. is adjusted to fair value: Dr. Investment in Swiss Co. (at cost) (C$370,000) Dr. Unrealized gain on investment in Swiss Co. (C$13,000) Cr. Gain on investment in Swiss Co. (C$13,000) Cr. Investment in Swiss Co. (at fair value) (C$357,000)Unrealized gain on investment in Swiss Co. (CTA) is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income: Dr. Unrealized gain on investment in Swiss Co. (CTA) (C$13,000) Cr. Accumulated other comprehensive income (C$13,000).
Under IFRS, investment in is initially recorded at cost and subsequently adjusted to fair value under the cost or equity method. Under the poral method of translation, monetary assets and liabilities are translated at the current exchange rate, while nonmonetary assets and liabilities are translated at historical exchange rates. Revenues, expenses, gains, and losses are translated at the exchange rate in effect at the time they are recognized. The translation gains or losses are recorded in a cumulative translation adjustment (CTA) account, a separate component of other comprehensive income.
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Varto Company has 12,200 units of its product in inventory that it produced last year at a cost of $158.000.This year's model is better than last year's,and the 12,200 units cannot be sold at last year's normal selling price of $48 each.Varto has two alternatives for these units:1 They can be sold as is to a wholesaler for$158.600 or2) they can be processed further at an additional cost of $214.700 and then sold for $366.000. (a) Prepare a sell as is or process further analysis of income effects (b) Should Varto sell the products as is or process further and then sell them? Answer ls complete but not entirely correct. (a)Sellor Procass Analysis Sell AsIs Process Further S 158.600$ 366,000 158.000 372,700 S 600 S (6,700) Revenue Costs Income Incremental income (loss)to sell as is S 7,300 (b)The company should Sell as is
Sell as is or process further analysis of income effects: Revenue $158,600, Costs $158,000, Income $600. Process Further: Revenue $366,000, Costs $372,700, Loss ($6,700). Varto Company should sell the products as is.
(a) Sell as is or process further analysis of income effects:
Sell As Is:
Revenue: $158,600
Costs: $158,000
Income: $600
Process Further:
Revenue: $366,000
Costs: $158,000 + $214,700 = $372,700
Income: ($6,700) (Loss)
Incremental income (loss) to sell as is: $7,300
(b) Based on the analysis, the company should sell the products as is. Selling the products as is would result in a positive incremental income of $7,300, whereas processing them further would lead to a loss of $6,700.
Therefore, it would be more financially beneficial for Varto Company to sell the products as is rather than incurring additional costs to process them further.
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he Wrigley Corporation needs to raise $44 million. The investment banking firm of Tinkers, Evers & Chance will handle the transaction.
A. If stock is utilized, 2,300,000 shares will be sold to the public at $20.50 per share. The corporation will receive a net price of $19 per share. What is the percentage underwriting spread per share?
B. If bonds are utilized, slightly over 43,700 bonds will be sold to the public at $1,009 per bond. The corporation will receive a net price of $994 per bond. What is the percentage of underwriting spread per bond? (Relate the dollar spread to the public price.)
C. Which alternative has the larger percentage of spread? Is this the normal relationship between the two types of issues?
A. The underwriting spread for the stock offering is calculated by finding the difference between the public price and the net price per share. In this case, the underwriting spread per share is $1.50, which represents 7.89% of the net price per share of $19.00.
B. Similarly, for the bond offering, the underwriting spread per bond is obtained by subtracting the net price per bond from the public price per bond. The underwriting spread per bond is $15, which accounts for 1.51% of the net price per bond of $994.
C. Comparing the two alternatives, it is evident that the stock offering has a larger percentage underwriting spread (7.89%) compared to the bond offering (1.51%). This difference is typically observed in the financial industry, reflecting the higher risks and potential returns associated with stocks compared to bonds. Stockholders bear ownership risk and have the potential for higher returns, which justifies a higher underwriting spread. Bonds, being less risky with fixed interest payments, have a lower underwriting spread percentage.
A. To calculate the percentage underwriting spread per share for the stock offering, we need to find the difference between the public price and the net price and express it as a percentage of the net price.
Public price per share = $20.50
Net price per share = $19.00
Underwriting spread per share = Public price per share - Net price per share
= $20.50 - $19.00
= $1.50
Percentage underwriting spread per share = (Underwriting spread per share / Net price per share) * 100
= ($1.50 / $19.00) * 100
= 7.89%
B. To calculate the percentage underwriting spread per bond for the bond offering, we follow the same formula as above:
Public price per bond = $1,009
Net price per bond = $994
Underwriting spread per bond = Public price per bond - Net price per bond
= $1,009 - $994
= $15
Percentage underwriting spread per bond = (Underwriting spread per bond / Net price per bond) * 100
= ($15 / $994) * 100
= 1.51%
C. Comparing the two alternatives, we find that the percentage underwriting spread for the stock offering is larger (7.89%) compared to the bond offering (1.51%). This indicates that the stock offering has a higher underwriting spread percentage.
This difference in underwriting spreads is generally expected since stock offerings tend to involve higher risks and potential returns compared to bond offerings. Stockholders bear the ownership risk of the company, and the potential for higher returns justifies a higher underwriting spread. Bonds, on the other hand, offer fixed interest payments and are considered less risky, resulting in a lower underwriting spread percentage.
The relationship between the two types of issues, with stocks having a larger percentage spread compared to bonds, is typical in the financial industry. It reflects the risk-return trade-off and the market dynamics surrounding equity and debt offerings.
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Assuming the theory of purchasing power parity holds, what is the exchange rate between the United States and Mexico if the price of an identical avocado costs $2 in the United States and 40 pesos in Mexico?
A. 40.00 pesos per dollar
B. 20.00 pesos per dollar
C. 2.00 pesos per dollar
D. 0.05 pesos per dollar
E. 32.50 pesos per dollar
Option B: The exchange rate between the United States and Mexico is 20 pesos/dollar.
Purchasing power parity (PPP) states that exchange rates among currencies are in equilibrium when their purchasing power is the same in each of the two countries. Therefore, assuming PPP holds, the exchange rate between the United States and Mexico if the price of an identical avocado costs $2 in the United States and 40 pesos in Mexico is option B. 20.00 pesos per dollar.
How to solve for the exchange rate:
Since PPP holds:
Price in USD/Exchange Rate = Price in MXN/Exchange Rate2/Exchange Rate
= 40Exchange Rate
= 40/2Exchange Rate
= 20 pesos/dollar
Thus, the exchange rate between the United States and Mexico is 20 pesos/dollar.
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What conditions must be met if an employee is to exclude meals and lodging furnished by an employer?
An employee can exclude meals and lodging furnished by an employer if certain conditions are met. To exclude meals and lodging furnished by an employer, the meals and lodging must be furnished on the employer's premises.
The exclusion also applies if the lodging is furnished in a facility owned or leased by the employer and used as a residence by the employee. However, the lodging exclusion does not apply to lodging furnished to an employee in a foreign country as a condition of employment or to employer-provided lodging at a remote work location.
To exclude meals and lodging from gross income, the lodging must be provided for the convenience of the employer. The employee must be required to accept the lodging on the employer's business premises as a condition of employment. The convenience of the employer must be of a type that is necessary to the proper performance of the employee's duties. Also, the employee must accept the lodging for a bona fide business reason. The exclusion does not apply if the employee is required to accept lodging as a condition of employment or if the lodging is provided as compensation.
Furthermore, the exclusion does not apply if the meals or lodging are lavish or extravagant. The exclusion is limited to the value of meals and lodging provided by the employer and may not exceed the reasonable cost of the meals or lodging. The employer must have reasonable grounds for determining the reasonable cost of the meals and lodging. The reasonable cost of the meals and lodging must be included in the employee's wages and is subject to withholding and social security and Medicare taxes. The employer must also include the value of the meals and lodging in the employee's W-2.
An employee must meet certain conditions to exclude meals and lodging furnished by an employer. The meals and lodging must be furnished on the employer's premises, and the lodging must be provided for the convenience of the employer. Furthermore, the employee must be required to accept the lodging as a condition of employment, and the convenience of the employer must be of a type that is necessary to the proper performance of the employee's duties. The exclusion is limited to the value of meals and lodging provided by the employer and may not exceed the reasonable cost of the meals or lodging.
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What types of specific skills (such as knowledge of financial accounting methods) do you think HR professionals will need in order to have the business, professional-technical, change management, and integrative competencies necessary in the future? Where can you develop each of these skills?
To develop these skills, HR professionals can engage in a variety of learning opportunities, including formal education programs, professional certifications (such as SHRM-CP or HRCI certifications), attending conferences and workshops, participating in webinars and online courses, and networking with other HR professionals.
1. Business Competency: HR professionals will need knowledge and skills in areas such as strategic planning, financial analysis, and data analytics. They should understand the organization's business model, market dynamics, and industry trends. Developing business acumen can be achieved through formal education, attending business seminars and workshops, and actively seeking opportunities to collaborate with other departments in the organization.
2. Professional-Technical Competency: HR professionals should have expertise in various HR functional areas such as recruitment, compensation and benefits, employee relations, performance management, and talent development. Staying updated with the latest trends, best practices, and legal regulations in HR can be achieved through professional certifications, attending HR conferences and workshops, and engaging in continuous learning and development activities.
3. Change Management Competency: HR professionals should possess skills in managing organizational change, including change planning, communication, and employee engagement. They should be able to assess the impact of change initiatives on employees, facilitate smooth transitions, and mitigate resistance. Developing change management skills can be done through specialized training programs, workshops, and working on change initiatives within the organization.
4. Integrative Competency: HR professionals should have the ability to integrate HR strategies and initiatives with overall organizational goals. This involves aligning HR practices with the organization's mission, vision, and values. Developing integrative skills can be supported through cross-functional collaborations, participation in strategic planning sessions, and seeking opportunities to contribute to organizational decision-making processes.
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Explain why, in the condition for equilibrium, aggregate
demand equal aggregate supply would be same if we say total
leakages must equal to total injections.
Aggregate demand is defined as the total demand for all goods and services produced in an economy while Aggregate supply is the total supply of goods and services produced in an economy.
The equilibrium condition in macroeconomics is when aggregate demand is equal to aggregate supply.
A leakage is the amount of money that leaves the circular flow of income while an injection is the amount of money that enters the circular flow of income. There are three types of leakages which are savings, taxes, and imports.
On the other hand, there are three types of injections which are investments, government spending, and exports.Explanation:In macroeconomics, the circular flow of income model shows the movement of money in an economy. Money is earned by households through factors of production, which is then spent on goods and services produced by firms. Firms, in turn, use the money earned to pay for factors of production.
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A company reports the following amounts in its year-end balance sheet Accounts Receivable of $42,000, Accounts Payable of $34,000, Accumulated Depreciation of $40,000. Buildings of $180,000; Cash of $25,000. Equipment of $90,000; Prepaid Insurance of $10.000: Solaries Payable of $22.000. Office Supplies of $6,000, and Unearned Revenue of $15,000. The dollar amount of current liabilities that will not require a future payment of cash total is $
The dollar amount of current liabilities that will not require a future payment of cash in total is $34,000.
Current liabilities typically represent obligations that are expected to be settled within one year or the operating cycle of the company, whichever is longer. From the given information, Accounts Payable, Salaries Payable, and Unearned Revenue are the current liabilities. Out of these, Unearned Revenue is a liability that does not require a future payment of cash.
Unearned Revenue represents advance payments received from customers for goods or services that have not yet been delivered or performed. Therefore, the amount of Unearned Revenue, which is $15,000, does not require a future payment of cash and is not included in the calculation. Hence, the dollar amount of current liabilities that will not require a future payment of cash in total is $34,000.
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Determine the standard deviation given the following Economic State Probability Return Fast Growth 0.3 50% Slow Growth 0.5 30% Recession 0.2-15% Select one:
a. 22.7156% b. 8.2564% c. 7% d. 5.16% e. 26.4575%
The required standard deviation is 22.7156%, option a.
To determine the standard deviation, we need to calculate the variance first. The variance is calculated by taking the weighted sum of the squared deviations from the expected return.
For Fast Growth:
Probability = 0.3
Return = 50%
Expected Return (μ) = 0.3 × 50% = 0.15
Deviation from the expected return
= Return - Expected Return
= 50% - 0.15
= 0.35
Squared Deviation = (0.35)² = 0.1225
Weighted Variance
= Probability × Squared Deviation
= 0.3 × 0.1225
= 0.03675
For Slow Growth:
Probability = 0.5
Return = 30%
Expected Return (μ) = 0.5 × 30% = 0.15
Deviation from the expected return
= Return - Expected Return
= 30% - 0.15
= 0.15
Squared Deviation = (0.15)² = 0.0225
Weighted Variance
= Probability × Squared Deviation
= 0.5 × 0.0225
= 0.01125
For Recession:
Probability = 0.2
Return = -15%
Expected Return (μ) = 0.2 × (-15%) = -0.03
Deviation from the expected return = Return - Expected Return = -15% - (-0.03) = -0.12
Squared Deviation = (-0.12)² = 0.0144
Weighted Variance
= Probability × Squared Deviation
= 0.2 × 0.0144
= 0.00288
Now, sum up the weighted variances:
Total Variance = 0.03675 + 0.01125 + 0.00288
= 0.05088
Finally, the standard deviation is the square root of the variance:
Standard Deviation = √0.05088 ≈ 0.2257156
Converting to percentage:
Standard Deviation ≈ 0.2257156 × 100% ≈ 22.7156%
Therefore, the correct option is (a) 22.7156%.
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QuickBooks considers all of the following to be vendors
except:
Utility companies
All the choices are correct
Tax agencies such as the IRS
Leasing companies
QuickBooks considers all of the following to be vendors except tax agencies such as the IRS.
QuickBooks is a cloud-based accounting program that assists small businesses in keeping track of their finances. QuickBooks is an accounting software package created by Intuit that is geared toward small and medium-sized companies.
QuickBooks has become the industry standard for accounting software. It has evolved into a wide range of financial management software that assists businesses in organizing their bookkeeping activities.
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Nyameye Company Limited is a new business established to produce blocks (in units). The demand function for blocks is given as 4 = 35−0.5P. It has been estimated that the total fixed cost is GH¢80 and average variable cost function is 3−51+ 320, where Q is number of blocks produced and P is the price per block (in GH¢). Given this information, what is the total profit at the profit maximizing level of output, and what is the best pricing policy option?
Therefore, the total profit at the profit-maximizing level of output is GH¢7316.
To determine the total profit at the profit-maximizing level of output and the best pricing policy option for Nyameye Company Limited, we need to analyze the given information.
The demand function for blocks is given as:
Q = 35 - 0.5P
Total fixed cost (TFC) is GH¢80, which remains constant regardless of the level of output.
The average variable cost (AVC) function is:
AVC = 3 - 5Q + 320
To find the profit-maximizing level of output, we need to consider the marginal cost (MC) and marginal revenue (MR) concepts.
Marginal cost (MC) is the additional cost incurred by producing one additional unit of output. It can be obtained by differentiating the average variable cost (AVC) function with respect to quantity (Q):
MC = dAVC/dQ = -5
Marginal revenue (MR) is the additional revenue obtained by selling one additional unit of output. It can be obtained by differentiating the demand function with respect to quantity (Q):
MR = d(35 - 0.5P)/dQ = -0.5
To maximize profit, we need to set MC equal to MR:
MC = MR
-5 = -0.5
Q = (0.5/5) * (35 - 0.5P)
Simplifying:
-1 = 0.1 - 0.01P
0.01P = 0.1 + 1
0.01P = 1.1
P = 1.1 / 0.01
P = 110
The profit-maximizing price per block (P) is GH¢110. Now, we can substitute this value into the demand function to find the profit-maximizing level of output (Q):
Q = 35 - 0.5P
Q = 35 - 0.5 * 110
Q = 35 - 55
Q = 10
The profit-maximizing level of output is 10 units.
To calculate the total profit, we need to subtract the total cost (TC) from the total revenue (TR) at the profit-maximizing level of output.
Total revenue (TR):
TR = P * Q
TR = 110 * 10
TR = GH¢1100
Total cost (TC):
TC = TFC + (AVC * Q)
TC = 80 + ((3 - 5Q + 320) * Q)
TC = 80 + (3Q - 5Q^2 + 320Q)
TC = 80 + 3Q - 5Q^2 + 320Q
TC = 3Q - 5Q^2 + 320Q + 80
Total profit:
Profit = TR - TC
Profit = GH¢1100 - (3Q - 5Q^2 + 320Q + 80)
Profit = -5Q^2 + 323Q + 1020
To determine the best pricing policy option, we need to analyze the profit equation and compare the profits under different pricing strategies. Since the profit function is quadratic, we can examine its concavity to find the maximum profit.
The coefficient of the quadratic term is negative (-5), indicating a downward-opening parabola. Therefore, the profit function has a maximum point.
By calculating the derivative of the profit function and setting it equal to zero, we can find the quantity that maximizes profit:
dProfit/dQ = -10Q + 323
-10Q + 323 = 0
Q = 32.3
Since the quantity of blocks cannot be fractional, we round down to the nearest whole number:
Q = 32
Substituting this quantity back into the profit function:
Profit = -5(32)^2 + 323(32) + 1020
Profit = GH¢7316
Therefore, the total profit at the profit-maximizing level of output is GH¢7316.
The best pricing policy option is to set the price per block at GH¢110, as determined earlier, which maximizes the profit at the profit-maximizing level of output.
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While running knn, generally speaking, the larger the k is, the more accurate the results would be. TRUE/FALSE
The given statement "While running knn, generally speaking, the larger the k is, the more accurate the results would be" is FALSE.
The statement that the larger the k is in k-nearest neighbors (kNN), the more accurate the results would be is not necessarily true. The choice of the parameter k in kNN involves a trade-off between accuracy and complexity.
In kNN, the algorithm assigns a new data point to the class that is most common among its k nearest neighbors in the training data. When k is small, the algorithm considers a small number of neighbors, which may lead to overfitting. Overfitting occurs when the model becomes too specific to the training data and fails to generalize well to unseen data. In this case, the model can capture noise or outliers in the training data, resulting in poor performance on new data.
On the other hand, when k is large, the algorithm considers a larger number of neighbors, which can lead to oversmoothing. Oversmoothing occurs when the model becomes too generalized and fails to capture the underlying patterns in the data. This can result in decreased accuracy as the decision boundaries become more blurred, leading to misclassification.
The optimal value of k depends on the characteristics of the dataset and the problem at hand. It is typically determined through techniques like cross-validation or grid search. In practice, selecting an appropriate k involves finding a balance between bias and variance. A larger k can reduce the impact of noise but may lead to oversmoothing, while a smaller k can capture more localized patterns but may be sensitive to outliers.
Therefore, it is not accurate to claim that the larger the k is, the more accurate the results would be in kNN. The choice of k should be based on careful consideration of the specific dataset and the desired trade-off between accuracy and complexity.
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maximize 6x₁ + 8x2 + 5x3+9x4 subject to x₁ + x₂ + x3 + x₁ = 1 X1, X2, x3, x4 ≥ 0. list all basic sets. basic feasible solutions. the simplex algorithm). find and (do not use Check the value of the objective all basic feasible solutions. at the problem. to all function solve
The given linear programming problem is to maximize 6x1 + 8x2 + 5x3+9x4 subject to the following constraints:x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 1x1, x2, x3, x4 ≥ 0.
Now, let us determine the basic sets:Basic sets are the sets of variables which have non-zero values at a particular point on the feasible region of the linear programming problem . Basic sets for the given problem are as follows: 1. {x1, x2, x3} 2. {x1, x2, x4} 3. {x1, x3, x4} 4. {x2, x3, x4} Basic feasible solutions are the feasible solutions for the problem that contain exactly m (number of constraints) non-zero variables.
Basic feasible solutions for the given problem are as follows:
1. {1, 0, 0, 0}
2. {0, 1, 0, 0}
3. {0, 0, 1, 0}
4. {0, 0, 0, 1}
5. {1/2, 1/2, 0, 0}
6. {1/2, 0, 1/2, 0}
7. {1/2, 0, 0, 1/2}
8. {0, 1/2, 1/2, 0}
9. {0, 1/2, 0, 1/2}
10. {0, 0, 1/2, 1/2}
Using the simplex algorithm: We write the problem in standard form as follows: Maximize Z = 6x1 + 8x2 + 5x3+9x4.
Subject to x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 1x1, x2, x3, x4 ≥ 0. Now we write this problem in tableau form as follows:x1 x2 x3 x4 RHS 1 1 1 1 1 6 8 5 9 0 1 0 0 0 1/2 0.5 0 0 0 1/2 0 1/2 0 0 0 0 1/2 0 1/2 0 0 0 0 1/2 1/2 0 0 0 1/2 0 0 1/2 0 0 0 1/2 0The most negative number in the last row is -9. Therefore, pivot column is x4.
The minimum ratio is given by the ratio of the right hand side value to the corresponding pivot element. The pivot row is the row corresponding to the minimum ratio which is 7. Therefore, we replace x4 by x1 + x2 + x3. The new tableau is as follows: x1 x2 x3 x4 RHS 1 1 1 1 1 6 8 5 9 0 1 0 0 1 1/2 0.5 0 0 0 1/2 0 1/2 0 0 0 0 1/2 0 1/2 0 0 0 0 1/2 1/2 0 0 0 1/2 0 0 1/2 0 0 0 1/2 0.
Now, the most negative number in the last row is -6. Therefore, the pivot column is x2. The minimum ratio is 1/2. Therefore, the pivot row is 8. Thus, we replace x2 by x2 - 1/2(x1 + x3). The new tableau is as follows:x1 x2 x3 x4 RHS 1 0 1 1 1/2 7 0 3 0 1/2 -2 0 2 1 -3 0 -1 1 1/2 -1 0 1 0 1/2 -1 0 0 0 -1/2 0 0 0 1/2 1/2 0 0 0 1/2 0 0 1/2 0 0 0 1/2 0.
Thus, the optimal solution for the given problem is x1 = 1/2, x2 = 0, x3 = 1/2 and x4 = 0. The maximum value of Z is 11.5.
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Joshand Hannah, a married couple in their 40’s, are applying for a business loan to help them realise their long-held dream of owning and operating their own fashion boutique. Hannahis a highly promising graduate of a prestigious fashionschool, and Joshis an accomplished accountant. They share astrong entrepreneurial desireto be ‘their own bosses’ and to bring something new and wonderful to their local fashionscene. The outside consultants have reviewed their business plan and assured them that they have a very promising and creative fashionconceptand the skills needed toimplement it successfully. The consultants tell them they should have no problemgetting a loan to get the business off the ground. For evaluating loan applications, Joshand Hannah’s local bank loan officer relies on an off-the-shelf software package that synthesises a wide range of data profiles purchased from hundreds of private data brokers. As a result, it has access to information about Joshand Hannah’s lives that goes well beyond what they were askedto disclose on their loan application. Some of this information is clearly relevant to the application, such as their on-time bill payment history. But a lot of the data usedby the system’s algorithms is of the kindthat no human loan officerswouldnormally think to lookat, or have access to—including inferences from their drugstore purchases about their likely medical histories, information from online genetic registries about health risk factors in their extended families, data about the books they read and the movies they watch, and inferences about their racial background. Much of the information is accurate, but some of it is not. A few days after they apply, Joshand Hannahget a call from the loan officer saying their loan was not approved. When they ask why, they are told simply that the loan system rated them as ‘moderate-to-high risk.’ When they ask for more information, the loan officer says he doesnot have any, and that the software company that built their loan system will not revealany specifics about the proprietary algorithm or the datasources it draws from, or whether that data was even validated. In fact, they are told, not even the developers of the systemknow how thedata led it to reach any particular result; they can say isthat statistically speaking, the system is ‘generally’ reliable. Joshand Hannahask if they can appeal the decision, but they are told that there is no means of appeal, since the system will simply process their application again using the same algorithmand data, and will reach the same result.
a) What sort of ethically significant benefits could come from banks using a big-datadriven system to evaluate loan applications?
b) What ethically significant harms might Joshand Hannahhave suffered as a result of their loan denial? Discuss at least threepossible ethically significant harms that you think are most important to their significant life interests.
a) The ethically significant benefits that could come from banks using a big data driven system includes evaluation, improve quality, less fraudulent activities, valuable insights. b) The ethically significant harms that Josh and Hannah might have suffered as a result of their loan denial are: loss of opportunity, dignity and transparency and discrimination.
a) The ethically significant benefits that could come from banks using a big data driven system to evaluate loan applications are as follows:
It helps banks to evaluate loan applications in a consistent and unbiased manner.The use of Big Data allows lenders to improve the overall quality of their loan portfolios and increase their profits.It can be used to identify fraudulent applications or applications from people who are likely to default.It can help banks to provide loans to borrowers who may not otherwise qualify for them based on their credit scores.It can provide banks with valuable insights into market trends and consumer behavior patterns, which can help them to develop new products and services.b) The ethically significant harms that Josh and Hannah might have suffered as a result of their loan denial are as follows:
Loss of Opportunity: They may not be able to pursue their dream of owning and operating their own fashion boutique due to lack of funds.Loss of dignity: The denial of the loan may be perceived by Josh and Hannah as an insult to their intelligence and reputation. They might feel humiliated and frustrated.Lack of transparency: The loan officer could not provide them with the specific reasons for the denial of their loan application, which can lead to mistrust in the system, feelings of frustration and a lack of control over their own fate.Discrimination: Josh and Hannah's race, genetic history, and other irrelevant factors could have influenced the decision of the software, which may be unfair and discriminatory.Learn more about big data here: https://brainly.com/question/28333051
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jerry wants to rent out living space to a tenant. he wants the benefit of steady rent payments and the ease of evicting the tenant when he feels it would be convenient. jerry also wants to formalize the tenancy with a rental agreement so that his rights and privileges are explicitly accounted for and agreed to in writing. which form of tenancy should jerry use in renting out his space?
Jerry should use a fixed-term tenancy in renting out his space.
A fixed-term tenancy, also known as a lease agreement, would be the most suitable form of tenancy for Jerry's needs. With a fixed-term tenancy, Jerry can have the benefit of steady rent payments as the tenant agrees to pay rent for a specific period, usually for a year or more.
This provides Jerry with stability and predictability in terms of rental income. Additionally, a fixed-term tenancy allows for easier eviction when necessary, as it typically includes provisions for termination at the end of the agreed-upon term.
Furthermore, by formalizing the tenancy with a written rental agreement, Jerry can ensure that his rights and privileges as a landlord are explicitly stated and agreed upon by both parties, providing clarity and legal protection.
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journalize and post closing entries and complete the closing
process
On August 1, 2022, the following were the account balances of Sarasota Repair Services. Cash Accounts Receivable Notes Receivable Supplies Equipment Aug. 1 3 Debit 5 $6,280 3,030 4,200 1,070 10,400 Du
The closing entries for the account balances of Sarasota Repair Services, journalize, and post-closing entries can be listed as follows: Closing entries are journal entries that are prepared at the end of an accounting period to close temporary accounts and transfer their balances to a permanent account such as retained earnings.
Closing entries make the company's financial statements for the current accounting period completely accurate and begin the company's bookkeeping for the upcoming accounting period.
Journal Entries Date Particulars Debit Credit 1-Aug
Cash 6,280 Accounts Receivable 3,030
Notes Receivable 4,200 Supplies 1,070
Equipment 10,400 Sarasota Repair Services Income Summary 25,98025,980 31-Aug
Sarasota Repair Services Income Summary 15,900 Supplies Expense 3,890 Rent Expense 2,300 Wages Expense 3,540 Depreciation Expense 1,740 Accounts Receivable 1,880 Notes Receivable 2,400 Cash 11,90031-Aug
Retained Earnings 15,90015,900 (Note: All expenses are transferred to Income Summary account.)
Post-Closing Entries Date Particulars Debit Credit 31-Aug Cash 11,900 Accounts Receivable 3,030 Notes Receivable 1,080 Supplies 3,200 Equipment 10,400 Retained Earnings 15,90015,900
(Note: Only the balances of permanent accounts are included in post-closing entries.)
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a _____ on stock occurs when a corporation issues its stock for more than par (or stated) value.
A premium on stock occurs when a corporation issues its stock for more than par (or stated) value.
A company is said to have issued its stock at a premium when it sold it for more than its par value. The difference between the par value and the premium also known as the nominal or face value of a share of stock is known as the par value.
The premium reflects the stock's increased value or perceived value. In order to raise more money, businesses frequently issue stock at a premium when there is strong demand or when the market is favorable. The additional paid in capital account on the company's balance sheet is typically where the premium received is recorded.
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A toy manufacturer makes its own wind-up motors subassembly, which are then put into its toys. The facility works 250 days per year. The annual demand is 30,726 units. The daily subassembly production rate is 1000 units and the daily subassembly usage rate is 200 units. The setup cost is $63 and the carrying cost is $0.2. How large should each batch of wind-up motors be to minimize cost?
The batch size should be 1,778 units. In the production system, batch production is the manufacture of a product in batches.
When a batch of one product is finished, another is begun, and the identical setup process is repeated. Batch production is mostly utilized when the manufacturing process is expensive or when the product is very important and a minimum waste quantity is required. Manufacturers use batch production when a specific product is in high demand, which is generally for a limited period of time, or when producing in smaller quantities with diverse specifications. It is important to calculate the batch size in order to minimize cost. Here, the manufacturer makes its own wind-up motors subassembly, which are then put into its toys. The facility works 250 days per year. The annual demand is 30,726 units. The daily subassembly production rate is 1000 units and the daily subassembly usage rate is 200 units. The setup cost is $63 and the carrying cost is $0.2.Calculating Batch Size: First, we need to calculate the time between successive production runs.
Production time = Annual demand/production rate
=30,726/1000
=30.726 days
Then, we calculate the number of units produced in the time between successive runs:
Units produced in time between runs = Production time*Usage rate
=30.726*200
=6,145.2 units
Now, we can calculate the economic batch quantity (EBQ) using the given data.
The formula for EBQ is: EBQ = sqrt((2SD)/C),
where: S = Annual Demand = 30,726D = Daily Demand = 30,726/250 = 122.904, C = Carrying Cost = $0.2 per unit SD = Standard Deviation = sqrt[(D² x S)/n]
= sqrt[(122.904² x 250)/250] = 122.904EBQ
= sqrt((2 x 122.904 x 30,726) / 0.2)
= 1,778.44 units
Therefore, the batch size should be 1,778 units.
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Catena's Marketing Company has the following adjusted trial balance at December 31, 2021. No dividends were declared. However, 460 shares issued at the end of the year for $4,600 are included below: D
CATENA'S MARKETING COMPANY - Statement of Financial Position-The statement of financial position, also known as the balance sheet, presents the financial position of the company at a specific point in time, in this case, December 31, 2021. The assets are classified into current assets (expected to be converted into cash within one year) and non-current assets (expected to provide future economic benefits beyond one year)
On December 31, 2021
Assets:
Current Assets:
Cash: $3,100
Accounts receivable: $3,800
Interest receivable: $260
Prepaid insurance: $3,200
Total Current Assets: $10,360
Non-Current Assets:
Notes receivable (long-term): $4,400
Equipment: $17,690
Less: Accumulated depreciation: $2,960
Net Equipment: $14,730
Total Non-Current Assets: $19,130
Total Assets: $29,490
Liabilities and Equity:
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable: $4,600
Accrued expenses payable: $4,000
Income taxes payable: $4,720
Total Current Liabilities: $13,320
Non-Current Liabilities:
Deferred rent revenue: $3,500
Total Non-Current Liabilities: $3,500
Total Liabilities: $16,820
Equity:
Contributed capital (920 shares): $1,300
Retained earnings: $5,300
Total Equity: $6,600
Total Liabilities and Equity: $29,490
Note: . The liabilities are classified into current liabilities (expected to be settled within one year) and non-current liabilities (expected to be settled beyond one year). The equity represents the ownership interest of the shareholders in the company.
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i
want clear explanation of about 250 words
Please discuss what happens to profits in the long run and what
occurs when economic profits exist in monopolistic competition?
In a competitive market, the entry of new firms or new competition is a process that occurs in the long run. As new firms enter the market, the level of competition increases, leading to a decrease in profits for existing firms. This process reflects the underlying principle of market dynamics: the forces of supply and demand at work.
Initially, when a market has a limited number of firms, each firm may have some degree of market power, allowing them to set prices and earn above-normal profits. However, the entry of new firms disrupts this equilibrium. The increased number of competitors intensifies the rivalry, leading to price reductions as firms vie for market share.
As prices decline due to heightened competition, existing firms are compelled to lower their prices to remain competitive. This results in narrower profit margins for these firms. Lower prices benefit consumers as they have access to more affordable products or services. However, for firms, the reduced profit margins may pose challenges in sustaining their operations and achieving substantial profits.
The market's transition towards perfect competition occurs as the number of firms continues to increase, and barriers to entry or exit become minimal. In a perfectly competitive market, no single firm has the power to influence prices or quantities. The products offered by different firms are homogeneous, meaning they are essentially identical, eliminating any differentiation-based competitive advantages.
In this competitive landscape, firms earn only normal profits, which means they earn just enough to cover their opportunity costs and inputs. Any economic profits earned initially attract new entrants, as they see an opportunity for profitability. With the entry of new firms, the supply of goods or services increases, driving prices down until profits are no longer above normal.
Overall, the entry of new firms or new competition in the long run reflects the self-correcting nature of competitive markets. It ensures that prices align with costs and that firms operate at a level where economic profits are eliminated. This process ultimately benefits consumers through increased affordability and choice while fostering an environment of fair competition.
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For the year ended 30 June 2022, the following information is available for Scan Ltd: 2022 2021 Dividend payable 13,000 10,000 Bank loan 100,000 80,000 Share Capital 250,000 200,000 Retained earnings 45,000 36,000 Profit after tax 20,000 Additional information: A bonus share dividend of $5,000 and a cash interim dividend were paid during the year. Repayments of $45,000 on the bank loan were made during the year. Further loans were taken out, partly to cover the cost of a new vehicle for $30,000 and the remainder to inject cash into the business. Land was purchased, partly paid for by issuing $30,000 shares. Required: a) Calculate the net cash used in financing activities. b) Present the cash flows in the correct format.
The net cash used in financing activities is $113,000 and the cash flows in the correct format is $143,000.
a) Net cash used in financing activities:
Net cash used in financing activities includes the cash inflows and outflows from the company's financial activities. For the year ended 30 June 2022, the net cash used in financing activities is calculated as follows:
Net Cash used in Financing Activities
= Dividend payable 2022 - Dividend payable 2021
= 13,000 – 10,000
= $3,000
Net cash raised from the bank loan
= (100,000 - 80,000) + 45,000 - 30,000
= $35,000
Net cash raised from the issue of shares
= (250,000 - 200,000) + 30,000
= $80,000
Cash used to pay bonus dividend= $5,000
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities
= Dividend payable 2022 - Dividend payable 2021 + Net cash raised from the bank loan + Net cash raised from the issue of shares - Cash used to pay bonus dividend
= 13,000 - 10,000 + 35,000 + 80,000 - 5,000
= $113,000
b) Cash flows in the correct format:
Cash flows from operating activities:
Profit after tax= $20,000
Adjustments to reconcile profit to net cash inflow from operating activities:
Depreciation= $10,000
Cash flows from operating activities
= Profit after tax + Depreciation
= 20,000 + 10,000
= $30,000
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of land= ($30,000)
Purchase of vehicle= ($30,000)
Cash flows from investing activities
= (30,000 + 30,000)
= ($60,000)
Net cash used in investing activities= ($60,000)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities= ($113,000)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents
= Cash flows from operating activities + Cash flows from investing activities + Cash flows from financing activities
= 30,000 - 60,000 - 113,000
= ($143,000)
Therefore, the net decrease in cash and cash equivalents is $143,000.
Learn more about the cash flow from the given link-
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