To find the equilibrium values in the current environment with no tax, we need to set the quantity demanded equal to the quantity supplied. The demand equation is QD = 180 - 15P, and the supply equation is QS = 20 + 65P. By setting these two equations equal to each other, we can solve for the equilibrium price and quantity.
180 - 15P = 20 + 65P
Simplifying the equation, we get:
180 - 20 = 65P + 15P
160 = 80P
P = 2
Substituting the equilibrium price (P = 2) back into either the demand or supply equation, we can find the equilibrium quantity:
QD = 180 - 15(2) = 180 - 30 = 150
Therefore, in the current environment with no tax, the equilibrium price is $2 per pack and the equilibrium quantity is 150,000 packs of cigarettes.
After the imposition of the $0.80 per pack tax, the price paid by buyers will increase by the full amount of the tax, while the price received by sellers will decrease by the same amount. The new price paid by buyers will be $2 + $0.80 = $2.80 per pack, and the price received by sellers will be $2.80 - $0.80 = $2.00 per pack.
To find the new quantity demanded and supplied, we substitute the new price into the demand and supply equations:
QD = 180 - 15(2.80) = 180 - 42 = 138
QS = 20 + 65(2) = 20 + 130 = 150
Therefore, after the imposition of the tax, the new equilibrium price will be $2.80 per pack, and the new equilibrium quantity will be 138,000 packs of cigarettes.
The portion of the tax borne by buyers is the difference between the original price ($2) and the price paid by buyers after the tax ($2.80), which is $0.80. The portion of the tax borne by sellers is the difference between the price received by sellers before the tax ($2) and the new price received after the tax ($2.00), which is $0.80 as well.
To calculate the deadweight loss from the tax, we need to compare the original equilibrium quantity (150,000 packs) with the new equilibrium quantity after the tax (138,000 packs). The deadweight loss represents the loss in total surplus due to the inefficiency created by the tax.
Deadweight Loss = 0.5 * (150,000 - 138,000) * ($2.80 - $2)
Deadweight Loss = 0.5 * 12,000 * $0.80
Deadweight Loss = $4,800
The tax revenue generated can be calculated by multiplying the tax per pack ($0.80) by the new equilibrium quantity (138,000 packs):
Tax Revenue = $0.80 * 138,000 = $110,400
Despite the deadweight loss, the tax could be justified if the government aims to achieve other objectives, such as reducing cigarette consumption for public health reasons or generating revenue for public programs. However, the deadweight loss indicates that the tax creates an inefficiency in the market by reducing overall welfare.
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Suppose you invested $94 in the Ishares High Yield Fund (HYG) a month ago. It paid a dividend of $0.50 today and then you sold it for $95. What was your dividend yield and capital gains yield on the investment?
Given, Amount invested = $94 Dividend paid = $0.5 Selling price = $95 The dividend yield is the amount of dividend paid as a percentage of the price paid for the security.
Capital gain yield is the percentage gain earned on the security assuming it was sold at the current market price. Initial price
= $94 Dividend paid
= $0.5Price after dividend payment
= $95 - $0.5 = $94.5
Dividend yield
= (Dividend per share / Price per share) x 100% Dividend yield
= (0.5 / 94) x 100% Dividend yield
= 0.53% Current price
= $95Capital gain
= $95 - $94
= $1 Capital gain yield
= (Capital gain / Initial price) x 100%Capital gain yield
= (1 / 94) x 100%Capital gain yield
= 1.06%
Therefore, the dividend yield is 0.53% and the capital gain yield is 1.06%.
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PPlease make sure to show
where the Consumer surplus etc is on the graph
Consider the Guatemalan market for soybeans. The following graph shows the domestic demand and domestic supply curves for soybeans in Guatemala. Suppose Guatemala's government currently does not allow
Consumer surplus represents the difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a product and what they actually pay. It is a measure of the net benefit or utility that consumers receive from purchasing a good or service. On a graph, consumer surplus is represented by the area above the market price and below the demand curve.
In the case of the Guatemalan market for soybeans, the consumer surplus would be the area between the market price and the demand curve. It reflects the additional value or benefit that consumers obtain by being able to purchase soybeans at a price lower than their maximum willingness to pay.
To determine the consumer surplus, you would need the specific demand and supply curves for soybeans in Guatemala, along with the equilibrium price at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. The consumer surplus would be calculated as the difference between the maximum price consumers are willing to pay and the equilibrium price, multiplied by the quantity of soybeans purchased at that price.
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Answer Excel Format
You are the local branch manager of a country-wide vegan food
chain ‘Green Food’ and have been asked by the
state manager to report on the profitability of the business.
Specif
Daily Transactions Date 10/1/2002 10/2/2002 10/3/2002 10/4/2002 10/5/2002 10/6/2002 10/7/2002 10/8/2002 10/9/2002 10/10/2002 10/11/2002 10/12/2002 10/13/2002 10/14/2002 10/15/2002 10/16/2002 10/17/200
To report on the profitability of a business using Excel Formatstate Manager, a company can use various tools available in Excel. One tool that can be used is Pivot Tables which is a powerful tool that can be used to analyze, summarize and present the data. To create a Pivot Table, one can follow the following steps:
Step 1: In the Excel worksheet, select the data that needs to be analyzed.
Step 2: Click on the ‘Insert’ tab and select ‘Pivot Table’.
Step 3: In the ‘Create PivotTable’ dialog box, select the range of data to be used in the Pivot Table and click ‘OK’.
Step 4: Once the Pivot Table is created, select the fields that need to be used for analysis, such as Daily Transactions and Date. Drag and drop the fields to the different areas of the Pivot Table, such as the ‘Values’ area, ‘Row’ area, and ‘Column’ area.
Step 5: The Pivot Table can then be customized by changing the format, adding filters, and applying calculations to the data to analyze the profitability of the business. The data can also be presented in different formats using Excel’s formatting tools. In conclusion, Excel Formatstate Manager is a powerful tool that can be used to analyze and report on the profitability of a business by using tools such as Pivot Tables.
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Among other elements, which of the following needs to be included in your company's hazard communication training?
1. An inventory of hazardous chemicals found in your workplace
2. Standard operating procedures for handling chemicals in your workplace
3. Instruction on how to read chemical labels (especially visual pictograms)
4. A description of where to find SDSs and how to read them
Among other elements, the following need to be included in your company's hazard communication training Option 1. An inventory of hazardous chemicals found in your workplace.
Hazard communication training is a crucial component of workplace safety, and it is essential for ensuring that employees are protected from hazardous chemicals and substances. Hazard communication training involves teaching employees about the risks associated with chemicals, how to identify hazardous chemicals, and how to work with them safely.
Among other elements, the following need to be included in your company's hazard communication training: An inventory of hazardous chemicals found in your workplace hazard communication training should include an inventory of all the hazardous chemicals found in your workplace. This inventory should be compiled by the employer and should include all the hazardous chemicals used in the workplace. Standard operating procedures for handling chemicals in your workplace.
The standard operating procedures for handling chemicals in your workplace should be included in your hazard communication training. These procedures should be specific to your workplace and should cover all the tasks related to handling hazardous chemicals. Instruction on how to read chemical labels (especially visual pictograms)The hazard communication training should include instructions on how to read chemical labels, including visual pictograms. Chemical labels provide important information about the hazards associated with a particular chemical and how to handle it safely.
A description of where to find SDSs and how to read them SDSs (Safety Data Sheets) provides detailed information about the hazards associated with a particular chemical. The hazard communication training should include a description of where to find SDSs and how to read them. This will enable employees to access the information they need to work safely with hazardous chemicals. Therefore, the correct option is 1.
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A firm pays a $1.60 dividend at the end of year one. It has a share price of $50 (P0) and a constant growth rate (g) of 10 percent.
a. Compute the required (expected) rate of return (Ke). (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round the final answer to 2 decimal places.)
Required rate of return %
Also indicate whether each of the following changes would make the required rate of return (Ke) go up or down. (In each question below, assume only one variable changes at a time. No actual numbers are necessary.)
b. If the dividend payment increases;
Compute the required (expected) rate of return (Ke). (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round the final answer to 2 decimal places.)Required rate of return = dividend yield + expected dividend growth rate
Dividend yield can be computed using the formula Dividend yield = Annual Dividend per Share / Market Price per ShareDividend yield = $1.60 / $50 = 0.032 or 3.2%Given that the expected dividend growth rate is 10%, the required rate of return would be:Required rate of return = 3.2% + 10% = 13.2%.
Therefore, the required rate of return (Ke) is 13.2%.b. If the dividend payment increases, the required rate of return (Ke) will go down. An increase in dividend payments usually indicates a strong financial position and growth prospects, which in turn reduces the risk associated with the investment. Consequently, the shareholders would demand a lower return or lower required rate of return to invest in such a company.
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Assume that there are only two people in the world, and each person can produce two products, Bread and Beer. The following table shows Zoe's and lan's production possibility frontiers (per hour). Bread Beer 12 8 Zoe lan 4 4 Zoe has a comparative advantage over lan in the production of Bread. lan has a comparative advantage over Zoe in the production of Beer. Assume that Zoe only produces Bread and lan only produces Beer, and they want to trade afterwards. To benefit both people, the price of Bread (in terms of Beer) needs to be the price of Beer (in terms of Bread) needs to be O a. the price of Bread needs to be between 2/3 Beer and 1 Beer; the price of Beer needs to be between 1 Bread and 5/3 Bread. O b. the price of Bread needs to be between 2/3 Beer and 1 Beer; the price of Beer needs to be between 1 Bread and 3/2 Bread. O C. the price of Bread needs to be between 3/5 Beer and 1 Beer; the price of Beer needs to be between 1 Bread and 3/2 Bread. O d. the price of Bread needs to be between 3/5 Beer and 1 Beer; the price of Beer needs to be between 1 Bread and 5/3 Bread.
The correct option is B the price of Bread needs to be between 2/3 Beer and 1 Beer; the price of Beer needs to be between 1 Bread and 3/2 Bread.
In trade, comparative advantage is a critical element. It is a nation's or entity's capability to provide a certain service or good at a lower cost than another. In this case, since Zoe has a lower opportunity cost of bread production and lan has a lower opportunity cost of beer production, both of them will benefit from trading.Lan, who has a relative advantage in beer, will trade beer to Zoe in return for bread. As a result, they can reach a bargain for the price of beer and bread that benefits them both. Both parties can benefit as a result of exchange since Zoe's bread has a lower opportunity cost for her than it does for lan, while lan's beer has a lower opportunity cost for him than it does for Zoe. As a result, the price of bread should be between 2/3 beer and 1 beer, and the price of beer should be between 1 bread and 3/2 bread.
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one reason that college graduates earn higher wages than non-graduates is because
College graduates earn higher wages than non-graduates due to several reasons. One of the main reasons is that college graduates possess higher levels of skills and education, which are in higher demand by employers and command higher salaries.
Higher levels of education and skills make college graduates more productive and capable of performing more complex tasks, making them more valuable in the job market.Additionally, college graduates have access to more high-paying jobs, particularly in professional and managerial positions, which require college degrees and provide better pay and benefits.
Moreover, college graduates are also more likely to receive promotions and salary increases over the course of their careers due to their higher levels of education and skills. Finally, college graduates also tend to have better job security, as they are less likely to be laid off or unemployed during economic downturns compared to non-graduates.
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Consider the following data for two products of Vigano Manufacturing. Activity Budgeted Cost Activity Driver $ 16,000 (20 machine setups) Machine setup Parts handling 12,800 (16,000 parts) 19,200 (100
a) Product A total product cost per unit $106
b) Overhead cost per unit for Product A $14.27 per unit
To compute the total product cost per unit for each product, we'll first calculate the overhead cost based on the plantwide overhead rate, and then allocate overhead costs using activity-based costing. Given the provided data, we can proceed with the calculations.
Using Plantwide Overhead Rate:
Total overhead cost = Total budgeted overhead cost = $63,000
Total direct labor hours = Sum of direct labor hours for both products = 5,250 hours
Product A:
Direct materials cost per unit = $31
Direct labor cost per unit = $51
Overhead rate = Total overhead cost / Total direct labor hours = $63,000 / 5,250 = $12 per direct labor hour
Product A total product cost per unit:
Direct materials + Direct labor + (Direct labor hours * Overhead rate)
= $31 + $51 + (2 * $12) = $31 + $51 + $24 = $106
Product B:
Direct materials cost per unit = $41
Direct labor cost per unit = $61
Overhead rate = $12 per direct labor hour
Product B total product cost per unit:
Direct materials + Direct labor + (Direct labor hours * Overhead rate)
= $41 + $61 + (2.5 * $12) = $41 + $61 + $30 = $132
Activity-Based Costing:
a. Compute overhead activity rates:
Machine setup activity rate = Machine setup cost / Number of setups
= $21,000 / 20 = $1,050 per setup
Parts handling activity rate = Parts handling cost / Number of parts
= $16,800 / 16,000 = $1.05 per part
Quality inspection activity rate = Quality inspection cost / Number of inspections
= $25,200 / 100 = $252 per inspection
b. Allocate overhead to Product A and Product B and compute overhead cost per unit:
Product A:
Machine setup overhead cost = Number of setups for Product A * Machine setup activity rate
= 8 * $1,050 = $8,400
Parts handling overhead cost = Number of parts for Product A * Parts handling activity rate
= 10,000 * $1.05 = $10,500
Quality inspection overhead cost = Number of inspections for Product A * Quality inspection activity rate
= 40 * $252 = $10,080
Total allocated overhead cost for Product A = Sum of allocated costs = $8,400 + $10,500 + $10,080 = $29,980
Units produced for Product A = 2,100 units
Overhead cost per unit for Product A = Total allocated overhead cost / Units produced
= $29,980 / 2,100 = $14.27 per unit
Product B:
Perform similar calculations for Product B using the respective activity rates and quantities given.
c. Compute product cost per unit using activity-based costing:
Product Cost per Unit = Direct materials + Direct labor + Overhead cost per unit
For Product A:
Product cost per unit = $31 + $51 + $14.27 = $96.27
For Product B:
Product cost per unit = $41 + $61 + Overhead cost per unit (calculated for Product B using activity-based costing)
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Full Question: Consider the following data for two products of Vigano Manufacturing. Activity Machine setup Parts handling Quality inspections Total budgeted overhead Budgeted Cost Activity Driver $ 21,000 (20 machine setups) 16,800 (16,000 parts) 25,200 (100 inspections) $ 63,000 Unit Information Product Products Units produced 2,100 unite 420 unita Direct materials cost $ 31 per unit $ 41 per unit Direct labor cost $ 51 per unit $ 61 per unit Direct labor hours 2 per unit 2.50 per unit 1. Using a plantwide overhead rate based on 5,250 direct labor hours, compute the total product cost per unit for each product. 2. Consider the following additional information about these two products. If activity-based costing is used to allocate overhead cost, (a) compute overhead activity rates, (b) allocate overhead cost to Product A and Product and compute overhead cost per unit for each, and (c) compute product cost per unit for each.
Sunshine Limited has the following equity accounts on January 1, 2022:
Share Capital—Ordinary (€4 par, 200,000 shares issued) €800,000 Share Premium—Ordinary €300,000
Retained Earnings €300,000.
In 2022, the company had the following treasury share transactions.
February: The firm pays a dividend of €1.0 per share. The dividend was announced by
the board of directors in October of the previous fiscal year.
April: Issued 20,000 ordinary shares at a price of €20.
July: The company repurchases 20,000 shares at €15 per share.
September: Sold 12,000 shares at €18 per share.
November: Sold 8,000 shares at €7 per share.
Sunshine uses the cost method of accounting for treasury shares. In 2022, the company reported a net loss of €20,000.
Instructions
a. Journalize the treasury share transactions, and prepare the closing entries on December 31, 2022, for net income and dividends.
b. Open T-accounts for (1) Share Capital – Ordinary; (2) Share Premium – Ordinary; (3) Treasury Shares; (4) Share Premium—Treasury, (5) Retained Earnings. Post to these accounts (without using a posting reference).
c. Prepare the equity section for Sunshine Limited at December 31, 2022.
a. Journalizing the treasury share transactions and preparing closing entries:
February:
Dividends (200,000 shares * €1.0) 200,000
Dividends Payable 200,000
April:
Cash (20,000 shares * €20) 400,000
Share Capital—Ordinary 80,000
Share Premium—Ordinary 320,000
July:
Treasury Shares (20,000 shares * €15) 300,000
Cash 300,000
September:
Cash (12,000 shares * €18) 216,000
Treasury Shares 144,000
Share Premium—Treasury 72,000
November:
Cash (8,000 shares * €7) 56,000
Treasury Shares 96,000
Share Premium—Treasury 40,000
Closing Entries (December 31, 2022):
Net Income/Loss (€20,000) 20,000
Retained Earnings 20,000
Dividends Payable 200,000
Dividends 200,000
b. T-Accounts:
(1) Share Capital—Ordinary
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Debit Credit
January 1, 2022 800,000
April 1, 2022 80,000
December 31, 2022 80,000
(2) Share Premium—Ordinary
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Debit Credit
January 1, 2022 300,000
April 1, 2022 320,000
December 31, 2022 320,000
(3) Treasury Shares
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Debit Credit
January 1, 2022
April 1, 2022 400,000
July 1, 2022 300,000
September 1, 2022 144,000
November 1, 2022 96,000
December 31, 2022 40,000
(4) Share Premium—Treasury
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Debit Credit
January 1, 2022
September 1, 2022
November 1, 2022 72,000
December 31, 2022 72,000
(5) Retained Earnings
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Debit Credit
January 1, 2022 300,000
December 31, 2022 280,000
Net Income/Loss 20,000
c. Equity Section at December 31, 2022:
Equity Section:
Share Capital—Ordinary €720,000 (200,000 shares * €4 par)
Share Premium—Ordinary €320,000
Treasury Shares (20,000 shares)
Share Premium—Treasury €72,000
Retained Earnings €280,000
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The effects on the Statement of Financial Position of the business when the business bought inventories for cash are to: Select one: a. decrease assets (inventories); increase assets (cash at bank) b. increase assets (inventories); decrease assets (cash at bank) c. decrease assets (inventories); increase assets (trade receivables)
d. increase assets (inventories); decrease assets (trade receivables).
In a business, when inventories are bought for cash, the effect on the Statement of Financial Position is that assets (inventories) increase and assets (cash at bank) decrease.
Therefore, the correct option is B. When a business buys inventories for cash, it is usually considered a cash outflow, and the assets increase as a result of the purchase.Inventories are one of the current assets in the business. The statement of financial position reflects the current financial situation of the company by listing all the assets and liabilities.
Therefore, the effects on the statement of financial position of the business when the business bought inventories for cash are to increase the assets (inventories) and decrease the assets (cash at bank).This means that the inventories will be added to the assets of the company and cash will be reduced from the assets. The transaction will not have any effect on the liabilities and the shareholders’ equity as no new liabilities are added nor any equity is given out.
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Blue Company sells a product for $50 each and the variable cost is $20 per unit. The monthly fixed expense is $800.
Required:
1. Calculate the company's contribution margin ratio.
2. Calculate the company's operating income if they sell 100 units next month.
Contribution Margin Ratio (CMR) is calculated by dividing the contribution margin by the revenue of the company.
So, let's calculate the contribution margin first. Contribution Margin (CM) is calculated by subtracting the total variable cost from the revenue.
Here, we are given that the product sells for $50 each and the variable cost is $20 per unit.
Therefore, CM = (50 - 20) = $30 per unit.
Now, let's calculate the contribution margin ratio.
1. Contribution Margin Ratio = (CM / Revenue) × 100%.CM = $30 per unit Revenue = $50 per unitSo, CMR = (30 / 50) × 100% = 60%.Therefore, the company's contribution margin ratio is 60%.
2. The company's operating income if they sell 100 units next month is calculated as follows:
Total Sales Revenue = $50 × 100 = $5000Total Variable Cost = $20 × 100 = $2000Total Fixed Cost = $800Operating Income = Total Sales Revenue - Total Variable Cost - Total Fixed Cost= $5000 - $2000 - $800 = $2200
Therefore, the company's operating income if they sell 100 units next month is $2200.
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please help!!!
The balance sheet of Cattleman's Steakhouse shows assets of $85,600 and liabilities of $13,900. The fair value of the assets is $90,800 and the fair value of its liabilities is $13,900. Longhorn paid
Longhorn should record goodwill on this purchase, based on information given in the balance sheet, of $7,320. Therefore, the correct option is B.
In the given case, Longhorn paid Cattleman's $84,220 to acquire all of its assets and liabilities. To calculate the goodwill on this purchase, we need to determine the total fair value of the assets and liabilities. The total fair value of the assets and liabilities is given as follows:
$90,800 (fair value of assets) - $13,900 (fair value of liabilities) =$76,900
Therefore, the goodwill on this purchase is:
$84,220 (total price paid) - $76,900 (total fair value) = $7,320
Therefore, the correct option is B) $7,320.
Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question probably is: The balance sheet of Cattleman's Steakhouse shows assets of $85,600 and liabilities of $13,900. The fair value of the assets is $90,800 and the fair value of its liabilities is $13,900. Longhorn paid Cattleman's $84,220 to acquire all of its assets and liabilities. Longhorn should record goodwill on this purchase of: Multiple Choice A) $1,380, B) $7,320 C) $12.520 D) $2,600.
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3. This year Anjun's monthly pay rose from $1000 (last year's rate) to $1100 (this year's rate). During the year the inflation rate for consumer products was 8%.
Anjun's real monthly pay increased by $50 ($1100 - $1000), considering the inflation rate.
The inflation-adjusted increase is calculated by subtracting the inflation rate from the nominal increase ($50 - $80) due to the 8% inflation rate.
Anjun's monthly pay increased by $100 ($1100 - $1000) from last year to this year. However, since the inflation rate for consumer products was 8%, the purchasing power of the currency decreased. To calculate the real increase in Anjun's pay, we subtract the inflation rate from the nominal increase. The inflation-adjusted increase is $50 ($100 - $80), indicating that Anjun's real monthly pay increased by $50 after accounting for the impact of inflation.
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please write 250 words for this discussion
Do you think that negotiations are the best way to reach a settlement or is mandatory arbitration? Why?
Negotiations and mandatory arbitration are methods that can be used to settle disputes. The best approach depends on the nature of the issue.
Negotiations and mandatory arbitration are two of the most popular methods of dispute resolution. Both methods are effective in settling disputes, but one may be more effective depending on the nature of the issue. Negotiation is the process of reaching an agreement between parties that is mutually beneficial. It involves the parties involved discussing and compromising on the issues at hand to find a solution that is agreeable to everyone involved.
Mandatory arbitration, on the other hand, is a process where a neutral third party is chosen to listen to the dispute and then make a decision. It is a binding process that requires both parties to accept the decision of the arbitrator. It is usually used when there is a deadlock in negotiations, or when the parties involved cannot reach a mutual agreement.
In conclusion, the best approach depends on the nature of the issue. Negotiations are better when there is a mutual agreement, and both parties are willing to compromise. However, if the parties cannot agree and the matter is contentious, then mandatory arbitration may be the best approach. Ultimately, both methods can be used to settle disputes, and they are both effective in their own way.
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Physicians' Hospital has the following balances on December 31, 2021, before any adjustment: Accounts Receivable $52.000; Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts $1,200(credit) On December 31, 2021, Physicians' estimates uncollectible accounts to be 10% of accounts receivable.
Required:
1. Record the adjusting entry for uncollectible accounts on December 31, 2021. (if no entry is required for a particular transaction/event, select "No Journal Entry Required" in the first account field.)
The adjusting entry for uncollectible accounts on December 31, 2021 is:
2021 Dr.(in$) Cr.(in$)
31 Dec Bad debts Expenses 4000
Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts 4000
Allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable is a contra-asset account on the balance sheet that is used to reduce the value of accounts receivable to their net realizable value. This account is created to estimate the amount of accounts receivable that are unlikely to be collected from customers.
In above case :
uncollectible accounts at 10% of accounts receivable is calculated as =($52,000*0.10)-$1200
=$5200-$1200
=$4000
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At the beginning of the period, the Cutting Department budgeted direct labor of $56,000 and supervisor salaries of $27,800 for 2,800 hours of production. The department actually completed 3,100 hours of production. Determine the budget for the department assuming that it uses flexible budgeting
The budget for the Cutting Department, using flexible budgeting, would be $89,800.
The budget for the Cutting Department, using flexible budgeting, can be determined as follows:
The budgeted direct labor cost for 2,800 hours of production was $56,000. To calculate the direct labor cost per hour, we divide the total budgeted direct labor cost by the budgeted number of hours:
Direct labor cost per hour = Budgeted direct labor / Budgeted hours
Direct labor cost per hour = $56,000 / 2,800 hours
Direct labor cost per hour = $20
Now, since the actual production hours were 3,100, we can calculate the flexible budget for direct labor by multiplying the actual hours by the direct labor cost per hour:
Flexible budget for direct labor = Actual hours * Direct labor cost per hour
Flexible budget for direct labor = 3,100 hours * $20
Flexible budget for direct labor = $62,000
In addition to the direct labor cost, the supervisor salaries were budgeted at $27,800. This amount remains the same regardless of the actual production hours, as it represents a fixed cost. Therefore, the budget for the department, considering flexible budgeting, would be:
Budget for the Cutting Department = Flexible budget for direct labor + Supervisor salaries
Budget for the Cutting Department = $62,000 + $27,800
Budget for the Cutting Department = $89,800
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What is an assessment under the income tax legislation? Why is
an assessment important?
An assessment under the income tax legislation is the amount of tax charged on the taxable income of a person by the Income Tax department.
It is the procedure where a taxpayer’s tax liability is calculated and then assessed by the Income Tax Department. During the assessment, the department verifies whether the taxpayer has reported all of their income and expenses correctly.
Additionally, the department ensures that all necessary deductions and credits have been applied in a manner that conforms to tax law.
An assessment is important as it establishes the legal liability of the taxpayer. In other words, the Income Tax Department will determine the amount of income tax that the taxpayer owes to the government. Assessment of income tax is necessary to ensure that the taxpayer has complied with all of the applicable laws and regulations.
In conclusion, assessment under the income tax legislation is necessary to ensure that taxpayers comply with all of the relevant tax laws and regulations. This process aids in establishing the legal liability of the taxpayer and helps in making financial decisions.
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Suppose you have a clause in a forward purchase contract which gives you a partial timing option: you can buy USD against DEM at a forward rate Ft,t, either at time T, or two months earlier. Right now, you are at the intermediate decision date (T - 2 months). So you have to decide whether to buy now or at T. (a) Assume that, at the beginning of this two-month period, the term structure of compound interest rates is flat for maturities up to one year, with a p.a. DEM interest rate of 10 percent and a USD interest rate of 6 percent. Would you decide to buy the USD now (t = T - 2 months), or would you rather wait? Make this decision in each of the following nine situations regarding the current spot rates St and contractual prices > FT: 1.5 2 2.5 (DEM/USD) Contract price Fto.7: Current spot rate 1.5 0 . 2. 2.5 III 22:05 f Back (b) Repeat (a), but reverse the interest rates. (c) How would your answers change if the clause is modified as follows: if you buy immediately, then the amount of DEM would be discounted at the prevailing DEM rate), while the amount of USD payable would be discounted at the prevailing USD interest rate). You should be able to do this without any computations.
(a) It is better to wait till T to buy the USD if the spot rate is at or below 2.5 DEM/USD. If the spot rate is higher than 2.5 DEM/USD, it is better to buy the USD now (t = T - 2 months), as it is at a discount.
(b) If the interest rates are reversed, then it is better to buy the USD now (t = T - 2 months) if the spot rate is at or below 2.0 DEM/USD. If the spot rate is higher than 2.0 DEM/USD, it is better to wait till T to buy the USD, as it is at a discount.
(c) If the clause is modified such that the DEM would be discounted at the prevailing DEM rate and USD payable would be discounted at the prevailing USD interest rate, then the decision of buying the USD now or waiting till T depends solely on the spot rate as the interest rate factor would not come into play.
Explanation:
(a) The current spot rate determines whether to buy the USD now or wait until T. If the spot rate is less than 2.5 DEM/USD, then it is better to wait until T to buy the USD. This is because buying now would mean paying a premium to acquire the USD. If the spot rate is equal to or greater than 2.5 DEM/USD, then it is better to buy the USD now, as it is available at a discount.
(b) If the interest rates are reversed, the decision of buying the USD now or waiting until T also depends on the current spot rate. If the spot rate is less than 2.0 DEM/USD, then it is better to buy the USD now, as it is available at a discount. If the spot rate is equal to or greater than 2.0 DEM/USD, then it is better to wait until T to buy the USD, as buying now would mean paying a premium.
(c) If the amount of DEM is discounted at the prevailing DEM rate and the amount of USD payable is discounted at the prevailing USD interest rate, then the decision of buying the USD now or waiting until T depends solely on the current spot rate, as the interest rate factor would not come into play. Thus, if the spot rate is less than the forward rate, then it is better to wait until T, while if the spot rate is equal to or greater than the forward rate, then it is better to buy the USD now.
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A) If the Fed decided to increase the current requirement reserve ratio to 12.5%, what would be new total money supply (M1)?
B) If the bank has borrowed an additional $100 from the Fed, what would be the new total Money supply(M1)?
C) If the Fed decided to sell $80 worth of financial securities from the bank, what would be the new total money Supply(M1)?
The money supply is the total amount of money held by households, firms, and the government. The Federal Reserve has the ability to influence the money supply in the economy through a variety of tools. The reserve requirement ratio, borrowing from the Fed, and selling financial securities are some of the tools that can be used to control the money supply.
A)If the Fed decided to increase the current requirement reserve ratio to 12.5%, what would be the new total money supply (M1)?The reserve requirement ratio is the percentage of deposits that banks must hold as reserves.
If the Fed decided to increase the reserve requirement ratio to 12.5%, this means that banks would be required to hold more reserves and would have less money to lend out. This decrease in lending would lead to a decrease in the money supply. The calculation for the new total money supply (M1) is:M1 = Currency in circulation + Checking account deposits + Traveler's checksM1 would decrease due to the decrease in checking account deposits and the decrease in currency in circulation.
The decrease in checking account deposits is due to the fact that banks have to hold more reserves and will have less to lend out, leading to a decrease in deposits. The decrease in currency in circulation is due to the fact that banks will have less money to lend out, leading to a decrease in the amount of currency that people have access to.
B) If the bank has borrowed an additional $100 from the Fed, what would be the new total Money supply(M1)?Borrowing from the Fed is a way for banks to increase their reserves. When a bank borrows from the Fed, it increases the amount of reserves that it holds, allowing it to lend out more money.
The calculation for the new total money supply (M1) is:M1 = Currency in circulation + Checking account deposits + Traveler's checksThe increase in checking account deposits would be equal to the amount of the loan, which in this case is $100. The currency in circulation and traveler's checks would not change.
C) If the Fed decided to sell $80 worth of financial securities from the bank, what would be the new total money Supply(M1)?Selling financial securities is a way for the Fed to decrease the amount of reserves that banks hold.
When the Fed sells financial securities, it takes money out of the banking system, decreasing the amount of reserves that banks hold.
This decrease in reserves would lead to a decrease in the money supply. The calculation for the new total money supply (M1) is:M1 = Currency in circulation + Checking account deposits + Traveler's checksM1 would decrease due to the decrease in checking account deposits and the decrease in currency in circulation. The decrease in checking account deposits is due to the fact that banks will have less money to lend out, leading to a decrease in deposits.
The decrease in currency in circulation is due to the fact that banks will have less money to lend out, leading to a decrease in the amount of currency that people have access to.
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if the euro price per dollar falls, what impact will this change have on the european demand for u.s. goods and the cost of u.s. goods to europeans?
If the euro price per dollar falls, it means that the euro has weakened relative to the dollar. This change will have the following impacts:
1. European demand for U.S. goods: The fall in the euro price per dollar makes U.S. goods relatively more expensive for Europeans. As a result, the demand for U.S. goods in Europe is likely to decrease. This is because Europeans will need to spend more euros to purchase the same amount of U.S. goods.
2. Cost of U.S. goods to Europeans: Since the euro has weakened, it takes more euros to buy a given amount of U.S. goods. Therefore, the cost of U.S. goods to Europeans increases. Europeans will need to spend more euros to import U.S. goods, making them more expensive in the European market.
Overall, the fall in the euro price per dollar leads to a decrease in the European demand for U.S. goods and an increase in the cost of U.S. goods to Europeans. This can have implications for trade flows and competitiveness between the two regions.
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Sunland Corporation uses straight-line depreciation, prepares adjusting entries annually, and has a December 31 year end. It purchased equipment on January 1, 2020, for $190,500. The equipment had an estimated useful life of five years and a residual value of $21,560. On December 31, 2021, the company tests for impairment and determines that the equipment's fair value is $104,800. (a) Assuming annual depreciation has already been recorded at December 31, calculate the equipment's carrying amount at December 31, 2021, immediately after recording depreciation for the year. Carrying amount
The equipment's carrying amount at December 31, 2021, immediately after recording depreciation for the year is $104,800. Impairment occurs when the carrying amount of a long-term asset on the balance sheet exceeds its fair market value.
The following are the annual depreciation and carrying amount of the equipment: Calculation of annual depreciation
The following formula is used to calculate annual depreciation: Annual Depreciation = (Equipment Cost - Salvage Value) ÷ Estimated Life
Annual depreciation = ($190,500 - $21,560) ÷ 5 years = $33,188 per year
Calculation of Carrying amount for the equipment at December 31, 2021. Carrying amount at December 31, 2021, before impairment = $190,500 - $33,188 = $157,312
Impairment occurs when the carrying amount of a long-term asset on the balance sheet exceeds its fair market value. The company determines that the equipment's fair value is $104,800, which is lower than its carrying amount of $157,312. As a result, the company must write down the equipment's carrying amount to its fair value.
Impairment loss = Carrying amount of equipment - Fair value of equipment Impairment loss = $157,312 - $104,800 = $52,512
Carrying amount at December 31, 2021, after impairment = $157,312 - $52,512 = $104,800
Therefore, the equipment's carrying amount at December 31, 2021, immediately after recording depreciation for the year is $104,800.
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In the backward induction solution of a bargaining model with n rounds, the örst proposer gets more than half of the surplus
a. true
b. false
The given statement "In the backward induction solution of a bargaining model with n rounds, the first proposer gets more than half of the surplus" is false.
Backward induction is a common technique used to solve dynamic games, that is, games that are played over time. It entails analyzing the last move of the game first, then working backward through the previous moves to determine the optimal choice for each player at each point in time.
In a standard bargaining model with n rounds, players alternate as proposers, with the first proposer being determined exogenously.
The surplus value produced by the possible agreements is divided equally between the two players in each round if no agreement is reached.The backward induction solution involves determining what the outcome of the game would be if it were played backward, beginning at the last round and working backward to the first round.
The solution is derived by working backwards from the last round, assuming that each player will select the option that provides the greatest possible payoff for that player given what the other player will do. This process continues until the first round is reached and the final outcome of the game is determined.
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Which of the following are limitations of GDP as a measure of human well-being (check all the apply)?
a. GDP fails to account for the loss of leisure time
b. GDP includes the benefits of intermediate goods
c. GDP doesn't account for 'natural capital' like a nation's forests
d. GDP fails to account for an unequal distribution of income
The following are limitations of GDP as a measure of human well-being:
A. GDP fails to account for the loss of leisure time
C. GDP doesn't account for 'natural capital' like a nation's forests
D. GDP fails to account for an unequal distribution of income.
GDP is a rough indicator of a society's standard of living because it does not directly take into account factors like leisure, environmental quality, health and education levels, activities carried out outside of the market, changes in income inequality, increases in variety and technology, or the value that society may place on particular types of output, whether that value is positive or negative. The correct answer is option A, C & D.
Time for leisure is not taken into account in GDP. GDP encompasses expenditures on education, healthcare, and preservation of the environment, but not on real levels of hygiene, well-being, or knowledge. GDP comprises expenditures on medical care, schooling, and protecting the environment, but not on real standards of sanitation, welfare, or study.
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Which of the following would be included in the GDP deflator but not in the consumer price index? a. The price of the neighborhood babysitter b. The price of Superbowl tickets. c. The price of stop signs. d. The price of a new TV.
The correct answer is c. The price of stop signs. In contrast, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the average price level of goods and services consumed by households.
The GDP deflator is a measure of the overall price level of goods and services produced within an economy. It includes all final goods and services produced, regardless of whether they are consumed by individuals or used for investment or government purposes.
The price of stop signs is not included in the Consumer Price Index because it is not a consumer good or service. Stop signs are typically provided and maintained by the government for public safety and traffic control purposes. As such, their price is not relevant to consumer spending patterns or the cost of living for individuals and households.
On the other hand, items like the price of a babysitter (a service consumed by households), the price of Superbowl tickets (a consumer good), and the price of a new TV (a consumer durable) are included in the Consumer Price Index because they represent goods and services consumed by individuals. These items are relevant to capturing changes in the cost of living for consumers.
In summary, the GDP deflator captures the overall price level of goods and services produced in an economy, including non-consumer goods, while the Consumer Price Index focuses specifically on the prices of goods and services consumed by households. Therefore, the price of stop signs would be included in the GDP deflator but not in the Consumer Price Index.
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How many yachts and smartphones respectively is South Korea consuming after engaging in trade with Japan?
South Korea is consuming approximately 8 Billion after engaging in trade with Japan.
An extremely militarised border separates South Korea, an East Asian country on the southern tip of the Korean Peninsula, from North Korea. It is also well-known for its coastal fishing villages, subtropical islands, and high-tech cities like Seoul, the country's capital, as well as for its verdant, hilly countryside filled with cherry trees and centuries-old Buddhist temples.
South Korea is well-known for its K-pop music, delectable cuisine, historic temples, and exciting festivals. Eastern Asia is home to South Korea. It is situated on the Korean Peninsula, bordered on the west by the Yellow Sea and on the east by the Sea of Japan.
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(a) Suppose we have preferences U(X, Y) = X^(1/3) Y^(2/3). Create a table and graph/sketch the indifference curve through the bundle X = 10 and Y = 10
(b) Show that the Marginal Rate of Substitution is MRSXY = - Y/2X. Interpret what this means and what it implies about convexity of the indifference curves.
(c) Let prices be Px = 10, Py = 20 and income M = 1000. Draw/sketch the budget constraint. Interpret what the slope of the budget line means in economic terms.
(d) Suppose the consumer wanted to maximize utility subject to their budget constraint. State the consumer’s maximization problem and express this in words.
(e) What are the two conditions (equations) identify the optimum? Sketch this in a figure and explain.
(f) Let U(X,Y) = X1/3 Y2/3 and Px = 10, Py = 20 and income M = 1000. Find optimal X, Y and the resulting Utility.
(g) Now let Px = 12. Find the new optimal X and Y and the resulting Utility. Discuss why Utility falls.
(h) Why didn’t the rise in Px affect consumption of good Y? What is the idea?
(e) The two conditions (equations) that identify the optimum are MUx/Px = MUy/Py, where MU is the marginal utility and P is the price of the good. We can rearrange this equation to solve for Y, which gives us Y = (2/3)(Px/Py) X. The second condition is that the budget constraint is satisfied, which is PxX + PyY = m, where m is the income. We can rearrange this equation to solve for Y, which gives us Y = (m/Px) - (Px/Py)(X). The point where the two equations intersect is the optimum, as it represents the bundle that maximizes utility while also satisfying the budget constraint.
(g) When Px = 12, the new optimal X and Y can be found by plugging this price into the equations we derived earlier. Using the first equation, we have MUx/12 = (2/3)MUy/Py, which can be rearranged to solve for Y in terms of X. Substituting this expression for Y into the budget constraint, we get PxX + Py[(2/3)(Px/Py)X] = m, which can be solved for X. Once we have X, we can plug it back into the expression for Y to get the new optimal bundle.
The resulting utility is lower than before because the increase in Px reduces the consumer's purchasing power, so they can no longer afford to consume as much of both goods. As a result, they must reduce consumption of at least one good, which reduces overall utility.
(h) The rise in Px did not affect consumption of good Y because it has a lower price elasticity of demand than X. This means that consumers are less responsive to changes in the price of Y than they are to changes in the price of X. As a result, a change in Px has a larger effect on the quantity of X demanded than it does on the quantity of Y demanded. This is the idea behind the concept of elasticity, which measures how responsive consumers are to changes in prices.
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on august 1, 2019, colombo co.’s treasurer signed a note promising to pay $2,400,000 on december 31, 2019. the proceeds of the note were $2,340,000.
Colombo Co. issued a note payable with a face value of $2,400,000 on August 1, 2019. However, after deducting the issuance costs of $60,000, the net cash received by the company was $2,340,000.
On August 1, 2019, Colombo Co. issued a note payable with a face value of $2,400,000 and proceeds of $2,340,000. The difference between the face value and the proceeds of the note is attributable to the issuance costs incurred by the company. These costs are typically deducted from the proceeds received to determine the net cash amount received.
The issuance costs associated with issuing a note payable include various expenses such as legal fees, underwriting fees, and other administrative costs incurred by the company. In this case, the issuance costs amount to $60,000 ($2,400,000 - $2,340,000). The net cash received by Colombo Co. is $2,340,000, which represents the proceeds of the note after deducting the issuance costs. The face value of the note payable, $2,400,000, represents the amount that Colombo Co. is obligated to repay on December 31, 2019.
In conclusion, Colombo Co. issued a note payable with a face value of $2,400,000 on August 1, 2019. However, after deducting the issuance costs of $60,000, the net cash received by the company was $2,340,000. This net cash amount represents the actual funds available to Colombo Co., while the face value of the note represents the total amount that the company is liable to repay on the maturity date.
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What are indicators that a firm is an agent rather than a principal?
A principal is an individual, partnership, or corporation that appoints or authorizes another individual, partnership, or corporation to conduct business on its behalf, whereas an agent is an individual, partnership, or corporation that conducts business on behalf of a principal or acts on its behalf.
Therefore, if a firm is serving as an agent, then it is carrying out business activities on behalf of another firm. To identify whether a firm is an agent or principal, the following indicators can be observed:The scope of control: If the firm has a limited degree of control over its operations, it is more likely to be an agent than a principal. The level of control a firm has over its operations depends on the terms of the agreement it has with its principal.
The nature of transactions: If a firm engages in transactions that benefit its principal rather than itself, it is more likely to be an agent than a principal. The firm may engage in activities that generate profits for its principal, but it will not benefit directly from those activities.The risk-bearing capacity: If the firm bears a limited degree of risk, it is more likely to be an agent than a principal.
In contrast, if the agent has unlimited liability, it is more likely to be a principal.The level of investment: If the firm has made a significant investment, it is more likely to be a principal than an agent. An agent typically does not invest in the principal's business, but a principal will invest in its own business.The nature of the relationship: If the relationship between the firm and the principal is ongoing, it is more likely to be a principal than an agent.
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What is the PV of an ordinary annuity with 10 payments of $2700 if the appropriate interest rate is 6.5%?
The present value of the ordinary annuity with 10 payments of $2,700 at an interest rate of 6.5% is approximately $22,024.31.
The present value (PV) of an ordinary annuity can be calculated using the formula:
PV = Payment × (1 - (1 + interest rate)^(-number of periods)) / interest rate
In this case, the payment is $2,700, and the interest rate is 6.5%. The number of periods is 10, as there are 10 payments in total.
Plugging these values into the formula, we can calculate the PV:
PV = $2,700 × (1 - (1 + 0.065)⁽⁻¹⁰⁾/ 0.065
Evaluating the expression inside the parentheses:
PV = $2,700 × (1 - (1.065)⁽⁻¹⁰⁾⁾ / 0.065
Simplifying further:
PV = $2,700 × (1 - 0.46319) / 0.065
PV = $2,700 × 0.53681 / 0.065
PV = $22,024.31
This represents the current worth of the future cash flows discounted at the given interest rate.
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In calculating insurance premiums, the actuarially fair insurance premium is the premium that results in a zero NPV for both the insured and the insurer. As such, the present value of the expected loss is the actuarially fair insurance premium. Suppose your company wants to insure a building worth $430 million. The probability of loss is 1.45 percent in one year, and the relevant discount rate is 2.6 percent. a. What is the actuarially fair insurance premium? (Enter your answer in dollars, not millions of dollars, e.g., 1,234,567. Round your answer to the nearest whole dollar amount, e.g., 32.) Insurance premium b. Suppose that you can make modifications to the building that will reduce the probability of a loss to .85 percent. How much would you be willing to pay for these modifications? (Enter your answer in dollars not millions of dollars, e.g., 1,234,567. Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole dollar amount, e.g., 32.) Maximum payment
The actuarially fair insurance premium for insuring a building worth $430 million with a 1.45 percent probability of loss in one year and a discount rate of 2.6 percent is $6,261,500.
What is the insurance premium required for insuring a building worth $430 million with a 1.45 percent probability of loss in one year and a discount rate of 2.6 percent?The actuarially fair insurance premium is determined by calculating the present value of the expected loss. In this case, we multiply the value of the building ($430 million) by the probability of loss (1.45 percent) to obtain the expected loss of $6,235,000. To find the actuarially fair insurance premium, we discount this expected loss using the relevant discount rate (2.6 percent). By discounting the expected loss, we arrive at the actuarially fair insurance premium of $6,261,500. This premium ensures that both the insured and the insurer have a zero net present value (NPV) when considering the potential loss.
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