Boeing has invested in the development of new, more fuel-efficient two-engine airplanes with reduced noise levels and emissions.
A new Boeing aircraft engine system has 4 turbine engines set up in a parallel configuration. This configuration is referred to as a four-engine powerplant, with each engine connected to a different shaft that drives a single generator or hydraulic pump. Airlines have widely used the 4-engine configuration in the past. However, the two-engine arrangement has recently become more common due to technological advancements, increased engine efficiency, and changes in regulations, which enable the use of two-engine planes on long over-water routes. In the 4-engine arrangement, two engines are operated continuously during flight time, while the other two are on acti**ation for takeoff and landing. This guarantees the required power to take off and land while reducing fuel consumption during flight time. In contrast, the 2-engine arrangement only requires one engine to run continuously, with the second engine being reserved as a backup. The two-engine setup saves fuel and reduces maintenance costs, resulting in lower operating costs for airlines. Therefore, Boeing has invested in the development of new, more fuel-efficient two-engine airplanes with reduced noise levels and emissions.
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Refer to the Acculax Incorporated exhibit One of the partners is planning to retire at the end of the year. May Higgins, the sole remaining partner, plans to add a manager at an annual salary of $90.840. She expects the manager to work, on average, 45 hours a week for 45 weeks per year. She plans to change the required staff time for each hour spent to complete a tax return to the following: Simple Individual Return Business Return Partner Manager 0.4 hour 0.1 hour 0.5 hour Complex Individual Return 0.07 hour 0.13 hour 0.40 hour 0.40 hour Senior consultant Consultant 0.2 hour 0.8 hour es The manager is salaried and earns no overtime pay. Senior consultants are salaried but receive time and a half for any overtime worked. The firm plans to keep all the senior consultants and adjust the number of consultants as needed including employing part- time consultants, who also are paid on an hourly basis. Higgins has also decided to have five supporting staff at $54,000 each. All other operating data remain unchanged. The manager will share 7% of any profit over $570,000 before bonus. Required: 1. What are the budgeted total cost for overtime hours worked by senior consultants? 2. How many full-time consultants should be budgeted? 3. Determine the manager's total compensation and total pretax operating income for the firm, assuming that the revenues from preparing tax returns remain unchanged.
The budgeted total cost for overtime hours worked by senior consultants is $90,000 and 9 full-time consultants should be budgeted. The manager's total compensation and total pretax operating income for the firm are $164,700 and $311,350 respectively.
1. Budgeted total cost for overtime hours worked by senior consultants is $90,000. The table for the total cost of senior consultants for Acculax Inc. is as follows;
Title Senior consultant Senior consultant Senior consultant Senior consultant Senior consultant
Total cost Overtime cost at time and a half Number of consultants
Total overtime hours worked
Total budgeted overtime cost
$180,000 $90,000 3 200 $90,000
Therefore, the budgeted total cost for overtime hours worked by senior consultants is $90,000.
2. Budgeted full-time consultants is 6.
Budgeted full-time consultants for Acculax Inc. can be calculated as follows;
Title Senior consultant Senior consultant Consultant Consultant Consultant
Total cost Overtime cost at time and a half Number of consultants
Total overtime hours worked
Total budgeted overtime cost
$180,000 $90,000 3 200 $90,000 $120,000 $60,000 1 100 $60,000 $96,000 - 1 80 -Total $456,000 $210,000 - 380 $150,000
Budgeted number of consultants (full-time)
= (380*45)/(2000)
= 8.55
Approximate to 9 budgeted full-time consultants.
3. The manager's total compensation and total pretax operating income for the firm are $164,700 and $311,350 respectively.
The table for the manager's total compensation and total pretax operating income for Acculax Inc. is as follows;
Salary $90,840
Overtime pay $0
Bonus $9,000
Manager's total compensation $99,840
Total number of staff (including five supporting staff) 16
Staff cost $1,410,840
Cost per hour $49.87
Hours worked 22,200
Revenue per hour $65.00
Revenue $1,443,000
Gross profit $32,160
Share of profit $2,241
Manager's share $157
Total pretax operating income for the firm $311,350
Therefore, the manager's total compensation and total pretax operating income for the firm are $164,700 and $311,350 respectively.
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Sales reports, call reports, and expense reports are all used in the process of __________ salespeople.
A. selecting
B. evaluating
C. motivating
D. training
E. supervising
Sales reports, call reports, and expense reports are all used in the process of evaluating salespeople. The correct option is B. Evaluating.
What are Sales reports?
Sales reports refer to the records of sales and revenue generated over a given period of time. They may also include information on the number of units sold, returns, and the overall profitability of a sales operation. Sales reports can be used to assess the performance of sales staff, identify sales trends, and create sales forecasts.What are Call reports?A call report is a record of phone calls made or received. These reports may include information such as the time and duration of calls, the parties involved, and the purpose of the call. They can be used to track communication with customers, monitor customer service, and evaluate the effectiveness of sales staff.What are Expense reports?Expense reports refer to the record of expenses incurred by a business or individual. These may include receipts for meals, travel expenses, office supplies, and other costs related to business operations. Expense reports can be used to track spending, manage budgets, and identify areas for cost-saving measures.In the context of salespeople, sales reports, call reports, and expense reports can be used to evaluate the performance of sales staff. By analyzing these reports, sales managers can identify areas where sales staff may need additional training, coaching, or incentives to improve their performance.
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If an interest rate of 8% per year, determine the unknown quantity in each of the following situations:
What uniform end of year amount for 10 years is equivalent to $8,000 at 10 year?
What is the present equivalent value of $1,000 per year for 12 years?
If an interest rate of 8% per year, determines the unknown quantity then the present equivalent value of $1,000 per year for 12 years is $8,385.46.
Given an interest rate of 8% per year, the unknown quantity in each of the following situations is determined as follows:
a) What uniform end of year amount for 10 years is equivalent to $8,000 in the 10th year? Solution: Let U be the uniform end of year amount required for 10 years to be equivalent to $8,000 in the 10th year. We know that: Future value = Present value x (1 + i) where i is the interest rate per period is the number of therefore, the future value of $8,000 at the 10th year will be: FV = $8,000 x (1 + 0.08)10 = $17,531.68 At the end of the tenth year, the accumulated amount is equal to the uniform end of year amount, U.So, U = $17,531.68 Therefore, the uniform end of year amount for 10 years equivalent to $8,000 at the 10th year is $17,531.68.
b) What is the present equivalent value of $1,000 per year for 12 years. Solution: Let PV be the present equivalent value of $1,000 per year for 12 years. We know that: Present value = Future value x [1/(1+i)n]where, i is the interest rate per period is the number of periods therefore, the future value of $1,000 per year for 12 years at the end of 12 years will be: FV = $1,000 x [((1 + 0.08)12 – 1)/0.08] = $21,725.06At 8% per year, the present equivalent value of $1,000 per year for 12 years is given by: PV = $1,000 x [(1 – (1 + 0.08)-12)/0.08] = $8,385.46Therefore, the present equivalent value of $1,000 per year for 12 years is $8,385.46.
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True or False? Briefly discuss.
b. If a firm makes zero economic profit, it must shut down.
The given statement, "If a firm makes zero economic profit, it must shut down," is False. A company with zero economic profit would keep running because the organization is making adequate money to meet its opportunity costs.
What is Economic Profit?
Economic profit is the difference between the total income of a company and the total opportunity cost of producing. It can be calculated by subtracting both explicit and implicit costs from total revenue. Explicit costs are direct out-of-pocket expenditures, while implicit costs refer to the foregone revenue opportunities when money is invested elsewhere.When a company achieves zero economic profit, it indicates that the revenue obtained is precisely sufficient to compensate for the production's total expenses and the value of the next best option. The value of a firm's next best option is its implicit cost, which may or may not be expressed in dollars. If the total revenue is precisely equivalent to total expenses, including the implicit costs, there is no economic profit made by the company, but it is still covering all of its expenses.
Therefore, the firm will not be forced to shut down because of this. Likewise, if a company is experiencing constant losses, it should eventually shut down, while if it's continually generating an economic profit, it will thrive.
However, if a firm is incurring a loss, but the revenue is enough to compensate for all of the expenses, it should continue running to cover those costs.
inlace3774
11.03.2023
Business
High School
Economic profit is ______________ accounting profit.
shreyapq7
Economic profit is less than accounting profit. Economic profit refers to the net income of a company that is received after accounting for all of the expenses and associated costs.
The economic profit of a business is calculated by subtracting the explicit costs and implicit costs from the total revenues. Economic Profit = Total Revenue - Explicit Costs - Implicit Costs. Accounting profit is the net income of a company that is calculated by subtracting the explicit costs from the total revenue. Accounting profit only takes into account the direct expenses of a business, such as wages, raw materials, rent, and other expenses. Accounting Profit = Total Revenue - Explicit Costs. Therefore, Economic profit is less than accounting profit.
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a. Moon Plc has been specially formed to undertake two investment opportunities. The risk and return characteristics of the two projects are shown below:
X Y
Expected Return 10% 20%
Risk (standard deviation) 4% 7%
Moon plans to invest 60% of its available funds in Project X and 40% in Project Y. The directors believe that the correlation coefficient between the returns of the projects is +0.18.
Required:
i. Calculate the expected return from the proposed portfolio of Projects X and Y
ii. Calculate the risk of the portfolio and comment upon your result in the context of the risk reduction effect of diversification.
iii. How could Moon Plc invest its funds in order to obtain a minimum-risk portfolio?
b. Explain the principle of diversification. Your answer should include a discussion of systematic and unsystematic components of risk.
c. What return would a well-diversified investor expect from a Company, given the following information:
σA = 20%, σM=10% and rhoA,M =+0.6
Rf = 6%, RM =13%
a) i. To calculate the expected return from the proposed portfolio of Projects X and Y, we need to consider the weights and expected returns of each project.
Expected return of the portfolio = (Weight of X * Expected return of X) + (Weight of Y * Expected return of Y)
Weight of X = 60% = 0.6Weight of Y = 40% = 0.4Expected return of X = 10%Expected return of Y = 20%Expected return of the portfolio = (0.6 * 10%) + (0.4 * 20%)
= 6% + 8%= 14%Therefore, the expected return from the proposed portfolio of Projects X and Y is 14%.
ii. To calculate the risk of the portfolio, we need to consider the weights, standard deviations, and correlation coefficient of the projects.
Risk of the portfolio = √[(Weight of X)^2 * (Risk of X)^2 + (Weight of Y)^2 * (Risk of Y)^2 + 2 * (Weight of X) * (Weight of Y) * (Risk of X) * (Risk of Y) * (Correlation coefficient)]
Weight of X = 60% = 0.6Weight of Y = 40% = 0.4Risk of X = 4%Risk of Y = 7%Correlation coefficient = +0.18
Risk of the portfolio = √[(0.6)^2 * (0.04)^2 + (0.4)^2 * (0.07)^2 + 2 * (0.6) * (0.4) * (0.04) * (0.07) * (0.18)]
= √[0.0144 + 0.00976 + 0.0013824]= √0.0255424= 0.1599 or approximately 16%The risk of the portfolio is 16%.
Diversification can reduce the risk of a portfolio through the combination of assets with low or negative correlation. In this case, the correlation coefficient between the returns of Projects X and Y is positive but relatively low at +0.18. The risk of the portfolio is lower than the weighted average of the individual project risks, which indicates a risk reduction effect of diversification. By diversifying investments across different projects, Moon Plc has reduced the overall risk of its portfolio.
iii. To obtain a minimum-risk portfolio, Moon Plc should allocate its funds in such a way that the correlation between the returns of the projects is negative or as close to zero as possible. By selecting projects with low or negative correlation, the risk of the portfolio can be minimized. In this case, since the correlation coefficient is positive, it may not be possible to achieve a minimum-risk portfolio with only Projects X and Y. Moon Plc may need to consider additional investment options or diversify its portfolio further to reduce risk.
b) The principle of diversification is based on the idea that by combining different assets or investments with low or negative correlations, the overall risk of a portfolio can be reduced.
Systematic risk, also known as market risk, refers to the risk that is inherent to the entire market or a particular segment of it. It cannot be eliminated through diversification as it is influenced by macroeconomic factors, such as interest rates, inflation, and overall market conditions. Systematic risk affects the entire market and is beyond the control of individual investors.Unsystematic risk, also known as specific risk or diversifiable risk, refers to the risk that is specific to a particular asset or investment. It can be reduced or eliminated through divers ification. Unsystematic risk arises from factors that are unique to a specific company or industry, such as management decisions, competitive pressures, or regulatory changes. By holding a diversified portfolio with different assets or investments, the unsystematic risk associated with individual assets can be spread out, reducing the overall risk of the portfolio.Diversification helps investors manage risk by combining assets with different risk and return characteristics. By holding a diversified portfolio, the impact of adverse events on one investment can be mitigated by the positive performance of other investments. Diversification does not guarantee profits or eliminate all risk, but it aims to reduce the overall risk of the portfolio and potentially improve risk-adjusted returns.c) To calculate the expected return for a well-diversified investor, we can use the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), which considers the risk-free rate, the expected market return, and the beta of the company.
Expected return = Risk-free rate + Beta * (Expected market return - Risk-free rate)
σA = 20% (Standard deviation of Company A's returns)σM = 10% (Standard deviation of the market returns)rhoA,M = +0.6 (Correlation coefficient between Company A and the market)Rf = 6% (Risk-free rate)RM = 13% (Expected market return)Beta (β) is calculated using the formula:
Beta = rhoA,M * (σA / σM)Beta = 0.6 * (20% / 10%) = 1.2Expected return = 6% + 1.2 * (13% - 6%)
= 6% + 1.2 * 7%= 6% + 8.4%= 14.4%Therefore, a well-diversified investor would expect a return of 14.4% from Company A.
About InvestmentsInvestment is an activity, either directly or indirectly, with the hope that in the future the owner of the capital will receive a number of benefits from the results of the investment.
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A company has an accounts receivable turnover of 10 times. The average net accounts receivable during the period are ¥700,000,000. What is the amount of net credit sale? Cannot be determined from the information given O ¥70,000,000 O ¥7,000,000,000 O 700,000,000
The amount of net credit sale is ¥7,000,000,000.. Option C is the correct answer.
The accounts receivable turnover ratio is calculated by dividing net credit sales by the average net accounts receivable. In this case, we are given the accounts receivable turnover ratio (10 times) and the average net accounts receivable (¥700,000,000). By rearranging the formula, we can calculate the net credit sales.
Net Credit Sales = Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio * Average Net Accounts Receivable
Net Credit Sales = 10 * ¥700,000,000
Net Credit Sales = ¥7,000,000,000
Therefore, the amount of net credit sales is C: ¥7,000,000,000.
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5A.PLEASE DO NOT COPY AND PASTE. I NEED OPINIONS. IF YOU HAVE
CITATIONS, EVEN BETTER. SO I CAN DO FURTHER READING.
discussing the relationship between outcome measures and quality
of healthcare.
1.Wha
Outcome measures are important indicators that assess the effectiveness and quality of healthcare services provided to patients. They help evaluate the results and impact of healthcare interventions, treatments, and procedures on patient health outcomes. By measuring and analyzing outcomes such as patient survival rates, functional status improvement, patient satisfaction, and adherence to treatment, healthcare providers can gauge the quality of care delivered and identify areas for improvement.
Outcome measures are quantitative or qualitative assessments of the results achieved from healthcare interventions or treatments. These measures are crucial in evaluating the quality of healthcare because they provide objective data on the effectiveness of healthcare services in achieving desired outcomes. For example, the survival rate for a specific disease can be an outcome measure that reflects the quality of treatment provided by healthcare professionals.
By examining outcome measures, healthcare providers can identify areas where they excel or fall short and make necessary improvements to enhance patient outcomes and overall quality of care. Outcome measures also enable comparisons between different healthcare providers or systems, facilitating benchmarking and identifying best practices. Moreover, outcome measures can inform decision-making processes, resource allocation, and policy development to improve healthcare delivery and patient outcomes at the broader system level.
In summary, outcome measures play a critical role in assessing the quality of healthcare by capturing the results and impact of healthcare interventions on patient health outcomes. They provide valuable insights for healthcare providers to evaluate their performance, drive quality improvement initiatives, and enhance patient care. Additionally, outcome measures contribute to evidence-based decision-making, benchmarking, and policy development to promote overall healthcare quality and patient well-being.
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what is identity management? enforces business rules vital to an organization's success the practice of gathering data and ensuring that it is uniform, accurate, consistent, and complete a broad administrative area that deals with identifying individuals in a system and controlling their access to resources within that system a company's examination of its data to determine if the company can meet business expectations and to identify possible data gaps
Identity management is a broad administrative area that deals with identifying individuals in a system and controlling their access to resources within that system.
In today's dynamic business world, identity management has become one of the most important aspects of any business or organization as it provides a way to manage user identities, authenticate users, and control access to applications, systems, and data. Identity management has many benefits, including:
Improving security and compliance Reduction of manual effort, thus reducing operational costs Centralization of user management and access management Therefore, identity management refers to a broad administrative area that deals with identifying individuals in a system and controlling their access to resources within that system.
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Briefly explain the law of demand and law of supply in terms of
price and quantity demanded/quantity supplied due to the pandemic
phenomena with a diagram.
The law of demand states that as price increases, quantity demanded decreases, while the law of supply states that as price increases, quantity supplied increases.
The law of demand and the law of supply still hold during the pandemic, meaning that higher prices generally lead to a decrease in the quantity demanded and an increase in the quantity supplied. Pandemic has caused quantity demanded of health care goods to increase as well as quantity supplied of health care goods to increase as well. In this regard, the law of demand says that with increase in price, quantity demanded decreases and vice versa.
In contrast to it, law of supply says that with increase in price, quantity supplied increases and vice versa. When price of healthcare goods increased, then quantity supplied also increased in the market. It happened due to the pandemic.
Diagram of law of demand is as follows attached:
Here, it can be seen that with decrease in price from P to P1, quantity demanded increases from Q to Q1.
Diagram of law of supply is as follows attached:
Here, it can be seen that with increase in price from P to P1, quantity supplied increases from Q to Q1.
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Treasury stock ______. (Check all that apply.)
is stock that is no longer outstanding
is a contra-equity account
has a negative equity balance
is the number of shares authorized minus the number of shares issued
- Is stock that is no longer outstanding
- Is a contra-equity account
- Has a negative equity balance
Treasury stock refers to the shares of a company's own stock that has been repurchased by the company and is no longer outstanding or held by external shareholders. It is typically held by the company itself.
Treasury stock is accounted for as a contra-equity account because it reduces the shareholders' equity section of the balance sheet. This is because treasury stock represents shares that have been repurchased by the company but are not retired or canceled.
Since treasury stock is a contra-equity account, it has a negative balance. This negative balance offsets the positive balance in the equity section, resulting in a reduction in shareholders' equity.
However, the statement "is the number of shares authorized minus the number of shares issued" is not accurate. The number of shares authorized minus the number of shares issued does not necessarily represent treasury stock. It represents the number of shares that can still be issued by the company based on its authorized share capital.
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the law of diminishing marginal returns a. causes average fixed costs to decline continuously as output increases. b. results in mc but not avc curves eventually increasing at an increasing rate. c. causes the difference between average total cost and average variable cost to increase as output increases. d. results in average variable cost (avc), average total cost (atc), and marginal cost (mc) curves eventually increasing at an increasing rate.
The law of diminishing marginal returns results in average variable cost (AVC), average total cost (ATC), and marginal cost (MC) curves eventually increasing at an increasing rate. (Option d)
The law of diminishing marginal returns results in average variable cost (AVC), average total cost (ATC), and marginal cost (MC) curves eventually increasing at an increasing rate.
The law of diminishing marginal returns implies that as more units of a variable input are added to a fixed input, the marginal product of the variable input will eventually decline. This leads to an increase in the average variable cost (AVC) as more units are produced, as the same amount of variable input is spread over a larger quantity of output.
Since average total cost (ATC) is the sum of average fixed cost (AFC) and AVC, and AFC typically remains constant in the short run, the increase in AVC leads to an increase in ATC. Moreover, since marginal cost (MC) represents the change in total cost resulting from producing an additional unit of output, and diminishing marginal returns increase costs per unit, MC also increases at an increasing rate.
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Excellent (lowest price, lowest percentage of defects) = 5, good (second lowest price, second lowest percentage of defects, 95% on-time delivery) = 4, average (highest price, 90% on-time delivery) = 3, fair (80% on-time delivery) = 2, poor (defect rate 10% or higher) = 1.
Hint: Do not forget to cross-multiply the performance ratings with their respective weights to calculate the total score.
By utilizing this rating system, business can make informed decisions based on a supplier's performance in terms of price, defect rate, and on-time delivery, thus ensuring a more efficient and reliable supply chain.
The rating system provided evaluates suppliers based on multiple factors, including price, percentage of defects, and on-time delivery. The scale ranges from excellent to poor, with corresponding numerical values assigned to each category.An excellent rating (5) signifies the supplier with the lowest price and the lowest percentage of defects. This supplier offers the best combination of affordability and product quality, making them highly desirable.A good rating (4) is assigned to the supplier with the second lowest price and second lowest percentage of defects. Additionally, this supplier demonstrates a 95% on-time delivery rate, which adds to their overall value.An average rating (3) represents a supplier with the highest price among the evaluated options but maintains a reasonable 90% on-time delivery rate. While they may not excel in terms of affordability, their reliability in meeting delivery deadlines is considered acceptable.A fair rating (2) is given to a supplier with an 80% on-time delivery rate. Though they may have room for improvement, they do not exhibit major flaws in their performance. Lastly, a poor rating (1) is assigned to suppliers with a defect rate of 10% or higher. This indicates that their products have a high likelihood of having issues, making them the least desirable option.
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A company sells merchandise on account for $350 that is subject to a sales tax of 5%. Which of the following is true?
a. Accounts receivable and Sales revenue are both increased by $378
b. Accounts receivable and Sales revenue are both increased by $322
c. Accounts receivable is increased by $378, Sales revenue is increased by $350, and Sales tax payable is increased by $28
d. Cash is increased by $378 and Sales tax payable is increased by $28
The correct answer is; Accounts receivable will be increased by $378, Sales revenue is increased by $350, and Sales tax payable will be increased by $28. Option C is correct.
When merchandise is sold on account for $350 subject to a sales tax of 5%, the following journal entries are recorded:
Debit Accounts Receivable: $350
Credit Sales Revenue: $350
This entry records the increase in accounts receivable (the amount owed by the customer) and the increase in sales revenue.
Debit Sales Tax Payable: $28
Credit Sales Revenue: $28
This entry records the sales tax amount that the company collects from the customer on behalf of the government. Sales tax payable is the liability account which represents the amount owed to the government.
The total amount of the journal entries is $378 ($350 for accounts receivable and $28 for sales tax payable), which represents the increase in the company's assets (accounts receivable) and revenue (sales revenue) as well as the liability (sales tax payable).
Hence, C. is the correct option.
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The owner of an ice cream parlor was planning to expand his room. On the eve of the expansion, he decided to do a cost audit of his existing operations. These are the facts he found. The rent paid for the parlor = Rs. 40,000 per month. There were allied costs like cleaning, telephone, and electricity, which worked out to Rs. 10,000 per month. He employed two salespersons and paid them a monthly salary of Rs. 10,000 each. He sold ice cream at the cost of Rs. 1000 per kg, which he sourced at Rs. 300. At the moment, he sells 500 kgs of ice cream per month. Assume that the rent, allied costs, and salaries are fixed costs in the short term.
a. Find the break-even point for the ice cream parlor. b. What is the profit he is making now? (2) The owner plans to add some extra space to the parlor, which would cost him an additional Rs. 20,000 per month in rent. He also wants to add one more salesperson at the same salary of Rs. 10000 to look after the increased flow of customers. He also expects electricity, cleaning, and telephone costs to increase by 30%. c. What is the new break-even point of the parlor? (3) d. His sales went up by 10%. What is his new profit/loss?
A. Break-even pointThe break-even point for the ice cream parlor is the point where the total costs of production are equal to the total revenue, resulting in zero profit or loss. To find the break-even point, you will need to calculate the total fixed costs and the total variable costs.
The fixed costs are the expenses that do not change with the level of production, and the variable costs are the expenses that vary with the level of production. The formula for the break-even point is:Break-even point = Fixed costs / (Price per unit - Variable costs per unit)Fixed costs = Rent + Allied costs + Salaries Fixed costs = 40,000 + 10,000 + 10,000 + 10,000Fixed costs = Rs. 70,000Variable costs = Cost of ice cream - Selling price Variable costs = 300 - 1000Variable costs = -700Break-even point = 70,000 / (-700).
Break-even point = 100kgsB. Profit The profit he is making now can be calculated using the formula: Profit = Revenue - Cost of production Revenue = Selling price * Quantity Revenue = 1000 * 500Revenue = Rs. 500,000Cost of production = Cost of ice cream * Quantity + Fixed costs Cost of production = 300 * 500 + 70,000Cost of production = Rs. 220,000Profit = 500,000 - 220,000Profit = Rs. 280,000C. New break-even point The new break-even point can be calculated using the same formula as above: Break-even point = Fixed costs / (Price per unit - Variable costs per unit)Fixed costs = Rent + Allied costs + Salaries Fixed costs = 40,000 + 10,000 + 10,000 + 10,000 + 20,000 + 10,000Fixed costs = Rs. 100,000Variable costs = Cost of ice cream - Selling priceVariable costs = 300 - 1000Variable costs = -700Break-even point = 100,000 / (-700)Break-even point = 143kgsD. New profit/lossIf his sales went up by 10%, his new quantity will be:New quantity = 500 * 1.1New quantity = 550The new revenue will be:New revenue = Selling price * New quantityNew revenue = 1000 * 550.
New revenue = Rs. 550,000The new cost of production will be:New cost of production = Cost of ice cream * New quantity + Fixed costsNew cost of production = 300 * 550 + 100,000New cost of production = Rs. 265,000The new profit will be:New profit = New revenue - New cost of productionNew profit = 550,000 - 265,000New profit = Rs. 285,000Therefore, his new profit is Rs. 285,000.
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Match the amount of equity ownership in an intercorporate investment with the accounting method that you should apply.
Group of answer choices
Passive (0-20% ownership)
[ Choose ] Consolidation Fair value method Integral Method Equity method Indirect Method
Significant Influence (20-50% ownership)
[ Choose ] Consolidation Fair value method Integral Method Equity method Indirect Method
Control (over 50% ownership)
[ Choose ] Consolidation Fair value method Integral Method Equity method Indirect Method
Passive (0-20% ownership) - Fair value method
Significant Influence (20-50% ownership) - Equity method
Control (over 50% ownership) - Consolidation
What accounting methods apply to different levels of equity ownership in intercorporate investments?When it comes to intercorporate investments, the accounting method applied depends on the level of equity ownership. For passive investments with 0-20% ownership, the fair value method should be used. This method focuses on valuing the investment at its current fair market value. For investments with significant influence ranging from 20% to 50% ownership, the equity method is appropriate. This method allows the investor to record its share of the investee's earnings or losses and adjust the investment's carrying value accordingly.
Finally, for investments where control is exerted with ownership over 50%, the consolidation method is utilized. This method combines the financial statements of the investor and the investee, reflecting the control and overall financial position of the consolidated entity.
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Compared with autarky (where each economy consumes only from what they produce themselves), the combination of specialisation and trade is likely to: a. Shift the feasible consumption frontier to the right of the feasible production frontier b. Shift the feasible consumption frontier inwards c. Shift the feasible production frontier inwards d. Shift the feasible production frontier outwards.
Compared with autarky (where each economy consumes only from what they produce themselves), the combination of specialization and trade is likely to shift the feasible production frontier outwards. Therefore, the correct answer is d.
Feasible consumption frontier refers to the line that shows the various combinations of goods that can be consumed using all available resources in the economy. Feasible production frontier is a curve that shows the maximum possible production levels of two goods, which can be produced using all available resources.
Autarky is a situation where an economy produces and consumes all goods and services locally without any trade with the outside world.The combination of specialization and trade can lead to an increase in production and consumption levels of goods and services beyond the levels achievable under autarky.
Specialization refers to the division of labor and concentration on a particular production process or product, where each country produces goods that they have a comparative advantage in.Trade occurs when a country sells its goods to another country that has a demand for those goods. It then buys goods from that country that has a comparative advantage in producing the goods.
Specialization and trade increase the production capacity of each country and enable them to produce more goods than they would under autarky. Therefore, the feasible production frontier shifts outwards, creating more production possibilities, and enabling countries to consume more goods and services. Thus, the correct answer is d.
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The marketing return on investment of a company is 125%. The
marketing and sales expenses come up to $5 million. Calculate the
net marketing contribution for this company
Given that the marketing return on investment of a company is 125%. The marketing and sales expenses come up to $5 million.
To calculate the net marketing contribution for this company we have to determine what is marketing return on investment. The marketing return on investment (MROI) is the profit that a company earns on its marketing investment. This metric provides insight into how effective the company is at converting marketing dollars into revenue.
The formula for marketing return on investment is:
MROI = (Revenue from Marketing – Marketing Cost) / Marketing Cost
Given that MROI = 125%
Marketing and sales expenses = $5 million
We can use the formula for MROI to find out revenue from marketing.
MROI = (Revenue from Marketing – Marketing Cost) / Marketing Cost125%
= (Revenue from Marketing – $5 million) / $5 million1.25 × $5 million
= Revenue from Marketing $6.25 million = Revenue from Marketing
The net marketing contribution for this company is equal to the revenue generated by marketing minus marketing and sales expenses.
Hence,
Net marketing contribution = Revenue from Marketing - Marketing, and sales expenses
= $6.25 million - $5 million
= $1.25 million.
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4) What is the relationship between Santa Claus and Coca Cola, Why did Santa Claus appear in Coca Cola commercials? (25 points)
Santa Claus and Coca-Cola are intertwined because Coca-Cola contributed to the development of the modern-day Santa Claus image and has portrayed him in their Christmas commercials.
The relationship between Santa Claus and Coca-Cola is that Coca-Cola contributed to the development of the modern-day Santa Claus image. Santa Claus, who was created in the United States in the late 1700s, was portrayed in a variety of ways. For starters, he was a tall and skinny man who wore a number of colors, including green, blue, and red.
Coca-Cola, which was founded in 1892, took advantage of Santa Claus's popularity by portraying him in their commercials. Santa was initially portrayed wearing a range of clothing, but by the 1920s, Coca-Cola had put their mark on him.
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Mike Reynolds has four assignments due in class tomorrow, and his class times are as follows: Class Marketing 304 OM 385 Finance 216 Psychology 200 Time 8 a.m 10 a.m p.m 3:30 p.m Each class lasts one hour, and Mike has no other classes. It is now midnight, and Mike estimates that the finance, OM, marketing, and psychology assign ments will take him six, three, four, and two hours, respectively. How should he schedule the work? Can he complete all of it?
Based on the given information, Mike has four assignments due in class tomorrow, with the following estimated time requirements: Finance: 6 hours, OM: 3 hours, Marketing: 4 hours, Psychology: 2 hours. Mike's class times are as follows: Marketing at 8 a.m., OM at 10 a.m., Finance at 12 p.m., and Psychology at 3:30 p.m.
Considering that Mike has from midnight until 8 a.m. to work on his assignments, he can allocate 6 hours to the Finance assignment. This will take him until 6 a.m. At 8 a.m., he has his Marketing class, so he cannot work on assignments during that time. After the Marketing class, he has two hours before his OM class at 10 a.m., which he can allocate to the Psychology assignment.
Since the Psychology assignment requires 2 hours, Mike can complete it during the two-hour window before his OM class. Once the OM class starts at 10 a.m., he cannot work on assignments until it ends at 11 a.m.
After the OM class, Mike has a break until his Finance class at 12 p.m. During this break, he can allocate the remaining 1 hour to work on the OM assignment, completing it before the Finance class starts.
Once the Finance class starts at 12 p.m., Mike cannot work on assignments until it ends at 1 p.m. After the Finance class, he has two and a half hours until his Psychology class at 3:30 p.m. He can allocate this time to work on the Marketing assignment, which requires 4 hours.
In summary, Mike can allocate his time as follows:
Midnight to 6 a.m.: Finance assignment (6 hours)8 a.m. to 9 a.m.: Marketing class (no assignment work)9 a.m. to 10 a.m.: Psychology assignment (2 hours)10 a.m. to 11 a.m.: OM class (no assignment work)11 a.m. to 12 p.m.: Break (no assignment work)12 p.m. to 1 p.m.: Finance assignment (remaining 1 hour)1 p.m. to 3:30 p.m.: Break (no assignment work)3:30 p.m.: Psychology class (no assignment work)By following this schedule, Mike can complete all of his assignments by effectively utilizing his available time.
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As the business progresses, the management wants to increase their number of customers. Give your recommendations for a pricing strategy.
You can approach this type of case in three steps:
1. Investigate the company NIKE SHOES
2. Investigate the product NIKE SHOES
3. Choose a pricing strategy based on your investigation NIKE SHOES
1. Investigate the company NIKE SHOES
Get a feeling for the business of the company: NIKE SHOES
• What products does the company sell and where does the company stand in the market? For instance, is the company a market leader? In terms of volume or quality or both?
• What is the company’s key objective? Profits? Market share? Growth? Brand positioning? Competitive response? Make sure to clarify the objective before starting the analysis.
2. Investigate the product NIKE SHOES
• How does the clients’ product differ from competition? How does the production differ? What is its Unique Selling Point (USP)?
• What are the alternatives or substitute products?
• At what stage the product lies in its lifecycle?
• Are the supply and demand foreseeable?
3. Choose a pricing strategy NIKE SHOES
The choice of a strategy depends on the information gathered in the first two steps. There are three major pricing strategies:
(1) Competitive analysis (benchmarking): In this strategy, the price based on the price our competition charges. Therefore, you want to investigate:
• Are there comparable products/services?
• If yes, how do they compare to the client’s product?
(2) Cost-based pricing: This strategy bases the price on the cumulated costs per item (break-even) plus a profit margin. Therefore, you need to know the clients cost structure. This strategy is now considered outdated. However, it is important to know the clients' cost structure before choosing a price.
(3) Price-based costing (or value-based pricing): This strategy is based on determining the "value" of client's product or the amount customers are willing to pay. This approach is similar to competitive analysis in that you can generally determine customers’ willingness to pay from prices of different substitutes. Keep in mind that different customer segments may have a different willingness to pay for client's products, implying that the client could charge different prices to different customers’ segments by changing the "value added" to justify the changes in prices.
Nike should implement a value-based pricing strategy that leverages its brand reputation to justify premium prices and target different segments of customers to increase its customer base and profits.
Nike's objective is to achieve brand positioning, growth, and profits. Nike shoes are unique, in that they focus on the athletic market. Therefore, we suggest a value-based pricing strategy that is based on the amount customers are willing to pay. Nike's customers value the brand, style, comfort, and performance of their athletic shoes, as they are unique to the company.
Therefore, Nike can charge premium prices for its products to increase profits while maintaining its market position. Nike's brand recognition and reputation are its key competitive advantage, and the company should leverage it to increase profits. By implementing a value-based pricing strategy, Nike can use its brand reputation to justify premium prices to its customers.Nike should segment its customers by offering different products to different groups. Nike can increase its customer base by targeting different segments, such as millennials and Generation Z.
Nike can offer customized shoes to customers, which can command higher prices. Nike can also offer a subscription-based pricing model, which can provide customers with exclusive discounts, early access to new products, and other benefits.By offering different products to different groups and providing exclusive benefits, Nike can attract new customers and increase customer retention. By implementing a value-based pricing strategy, Nike can increase its customer base and profits while maintaining its market position.
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(a) Suppose we have preferences U(X, Y) = X1 Y3. Create a table and graph/sketch the indifference
curve through the bundle X = 10 and Y = 10. What is the utility at (10, 10)?
(b) The Marginal Rate of Substitution is MRSXY = - Y/3X. Interpret what this means and explain
why the MRS changes along the indifference curve.
(c) Let prices be Px = $5, Py = $10 and income M = $500. Draw/sketch the budget constraint.
Explain what the slope of the budget line means in economic terms.
(d) Give the consumer’s utility maximization problem and express this in words. What are the two
conditions (equations) that identify the optimum? Sketch this in a figure and explain.
(e) Show and explain why these preferences imply that the consumer will spend ¼ of her income on
Good X and ¾ of her income on Good Y
(f) For the income and prices in (c), what is optimal X and Y? Show your work.
(g) Suppose Px rises to $6 and Py falls to $8 but income stays at $500. Does consumer utility rise or
fall? Show and explain.
(h) Calculate the Compensating Variation that ensures the consumer is no worse off nor better off
with these price changes. Show and explain your work
To create a table and graph the indifference curve through the bundle X = 10 and Y = 10, we will vary the values of X and Y while keeping the utility constant at U(X, Y) = 10^1 * 10^3 = 10,000.
How do we calculate the utility for different bundles?Table:
Bundle (X, Y) Utility (U(X, Y))
(10, 10) 10,000
(5, 20) 2,000
(20, 5) 20,000
(2, 40) 800
(40, 2) 40,000
The indifference curve represents all the combinations of X and Y that yield the same utility of 10,000. By plotting these bundles on a graph, we can sketch the indifference curve.
b. The Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS) measures the rate at which a consumer is willing to give up one good (Y) to obtain an additional unit of another good (X) while keeping the utility constant.
In this case, the MRSXY = -Y/(3X), which means that as the consumer consumes more of good X, they are willing to give up less of good Y.
Along the indifference curve, the MRS changes because of the diminishing marginal rate of substitution. As the consumer increases the consumption of good X, the marginal utility derived from each additional unit of X decreases, causing them to be willing to give up less of good Y to maintain the same level of satisfaction.
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Fred, a clerk at a Games Store, takes a game player and a selection of games from the store without permission. Most Way Product O a trade libel. O b.wrongful interference with a business relationship O c. none of the choices. O d.conversion,
Fred, a clerk at a Games Store, takes a game player and a selection of games from the store without permission. The crime committed by Fred can be referred to as D) conversion.
Conversion - Conversion is considered as the civil wrong in which someone interferes with the use or enjoyment of personal property that belongs to someone else. Conversion can be regarded as the unauthorized act that denies an owner of personal property of possession and use of their assets. The action taken by Fred is considered as a crime.
Conversion is more severe than theft or larceny because it involves denying the owner the rights to use their property. In this scenario, Fred, a clerk at a Games Store, takes a game player and a selection of games from the store without permission. This means that Fred is guilty of conversion because he denies the store ownership and possession of the assets in question. Fred should be held responsible and prosecuted for his actions.
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Fred's action in this situation is an example of conversion - a legal term pertaining to wrongfully taking or using someone else's property without permission.
Explanation:Fred's act of taking a game player and a selection of games from his workplace without permission is categorized under conversion. Conversion is a common law tort wherein one person, without the consent of the owner, deprives others of their personal property or interferes with its use. Because Fred has taken these items without the permission of the store owner, he is depriving the store of its property and interfering with its use for sale to customers.
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Accounting 1A
Chapter 14 – Financial Statement Analysis.
Account Classification
Listed below are balance sheet accounts for M4 Engineering.
Identify what balance sheet section the account
belongs i
With regard to the balance sheet items , here is the class under which they belong. See the attached.
Balance sheet itemsBalance sheet items are germane because they provide asnapshot of a company's financial fitness at a specific point in time.
They can be used to assess a company's liquidity,solvency, and profitability.
By understanding the balance sheet items, investors and creditors can get a better understanding of a company's financial health and make informed decisions about whether to invest in or lend money to the company.
See the attached.
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Full Question:
Although part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this full question:
Account Classification
Listed below are balance sheet accounts for M4 Engineering. Identify what balance sheet section the account
belongs in:
- Current Assets
- Long Term Investments
- Property Plant and Equipment
- Intangibles
- Current Liabilities
- Long-term liabilities
- Stockholders’ Equity
Account Amount Balance Sheet Section
Accounts Payable 5,000
Accounts Receivable 5,000
Accum. Depreciation 20,000
Bonds Payable 50,000
Cash 20,000
Common Stock 25,000
Copyrights 30,000
Discount on Bonds Payable 2,500
Inventory 1,000
Investments (long term) 25,000
Machinery 100,000
Marketable Securities 15,000
PIC in Excess of Par - CS 75,000
Prepaid Insurance 3,000
Retained Earnings 23,500
Unearned Fees 1,000
Wages Payable 2,000
A perpetuity will pay $200 every six months beginning six months from today. If the interest rate is 12% APR, what is the value of this perpetuity today? 1 (round to the nearest dollar) Answers 1-1 1.
The value of this perpetuity today is $3,333.
To calculate the value of a perpetuity, we can use the formula:
Value = Cash Flow / Interest Rate
In this case, the perpetuity pays $200 every six months, so the cash flow is $200. The interest rate is given as 12% APR, which stands for Annual Percentage Rate.
To calculate the value, we need to adjust the interest rate to match the cash flow period, which is every six months. Therefore, the interest rate per period would be half of the APR, which is 6%.
Now we can calculate the value of the perpetuity:
Value = $200 / 0.06
Value ≈ $3,333.33
Rounding to the nearest dollar, the value of this perpetuity today is $3,333.
It's important to note that the perpetuity formula assumes constant cash flows continuing indefinitely and a constant interest rate. In practice, these conditions may not hold, and the value of a perpetuity may be subject to change based on market conditions and other factors.
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True/False: 17. In the short run, macroeconomics focuses on the business cycle, and in the long run, macroeconomics focuses on long-run economic growth. T F 18. Long-run economic growth is measured by
The statement "In the short run, macroeconomics focuses on the business cycle, and in the long run, macroeconomics focuses on long-run economic growth" is true.
Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that studies how an economy behaves as a whole, especially with regard to issues like inflation, unemployment, and economic growth, among other things.In the short run, macroeconomics focuses on the business cycle because business cycles are typically measured over a shorter period of time (one to three years), and this approach enables economists to assess how a particular economy is doing in the short run.In contrast, macroeconomics focuses on long-run economic growth in the long run, which is typically measured over a more extended period of time (five to ten years or more). Long-term economic growth, on the other hand, relates to a more sustained and continuous increase in an economy's output over an extended period of time.
18. Long-run economic growth is measured by increases in a country's real gross domestic product (GDP) over time. GDP is a measure of a country's economic performance that includes all of the goods and services produced within its borders over a specified period. When a country's GDP grows, it usually indicates that the country is experiencing economic growth.
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stion will save this response. Question 12 The asset's book value is determined by deducting the residual value from its original cost. O True O False
The correct answer is False. The asset's book value is determined by deducting the accumulated depreciation from its original cost, not the residual value.
The asset's book value is determined by deducting the accumulated depreciation from its original cost, not the residual value. The book value represents the remaining value of an asset on the balance sheet after accounting for its depreciation over time. It is calculated as the original cost minus the accumulated depreciation. The residual value, on the other hand, is an estimate of the asset's value at the end of its useful life and is used in calculating depreciation expense. By subtracting the accumulated depreciation, which represents the total depreciation expense recorded since the asset's acquisition, from the original cost, we arrive at the book value, which reflects the asset's net worth on the balance sheet.In conclusion, the statement "The asset's book value is determined by deducting the residual value from its original cost" is false. The book value of an asset is determined by subtracting the accumulated depreciation from its original cost, not the residual value.
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What is the maximum profit to be made from selling a call
option?
A. Unlimited gains
B. The premium
C. The expiry price
D. Strike price plus premium
The correct answer is A. Unlimited gains.
When you sell a call option, you receive a premium from the buyer of the option. As the seller, you have an obligation to sell the underlying asset at the strike price if the buyer exercises the option. However, as the option seller, your potential profit is not limited to the premium received.
If the price of the underlying asset increases significantly, the buyer may choose to exercise the option, and you would be required to sell the asset at the strike price. In this case, your profit would be the difference between the strike price and the market price of the asset, which can be unlimited. Therefore, the maximum profit to be made from selling a call option is unlimited gains.
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4. The catch-up effect Consider the economies of Hermes and Gribner, both of which produce gaggles of gopweng only tools and workers Suppose that, dung the course of 30 years, the level of physical capital per worker rises by 3 tools per worker in each economy, but the sie of each labor force remains the same Complete the following tables by entering productivity on terms of output per worker) for each economy in 2016 and 2046 Hermes Labor Force Output Productivity Physical Capital Year (Tools per worker) (Workers) (Gaggles of gap) (Gaggles per worker) 2016 50 3,000 2046 50 3,600 Gribines Physical Capital Output Productivity Laber Force (Workers) (Gaggles of gep) (Gaggles per worker) (Tools per worker) Year 2015 50 4,000 2046 12 50 4,300 Initially, the number of tools per worker was lower in Hermes than in Gritines, Fram 2016 to 2046, capital per worker res by 3 unts in each countr The 3-unit change in capital per worker causes productivity in Hermes to rise by a amount than productivity in Gribner. The rates effect. the S لها 014 F H O
The catch-up effect suggests that economies with lower initial levels of capital per worker tend to experience faster productivity growth, allowing them to catch up with economies that started with higher levels of capital.
In this case, the economies of Hermes and Gribner are compared in terms of their productivity and capital per worker over a 30-year period.
In 2016, both economies had a labor force of 50 workers. In Hermes, the level of physical capital per worker was initially 50 tools, while in Gribner it was 12 tools. The output in Hermes was 3,000 gaggles of gap, resulting in a productivity of 60 gaggles per worker. In Gribner, the output was 4,000 gaggles of gap, leading to a productivity of 80 gaggles per worker.
By 2046, the number of tools per worker increased by 3 units in both economies. In Hermes, the physical capital per worker reached 53 tools, and the output increased to 3,600 gaggles of gap. As a result, the productivity in Hermes rose to 72 gaggles per worker.
In Gribner, the capital per worker also rose to 15 tools, and the output increased to 4,300 gaggles of gap. This led to a productivity of 86.7 gaggles per worker.
Considering the catch-up effect, the initial lower level of capital per worker in Hermes allowed it to experience a higher rate of productivity growth compared to Gribner.
Despite both economies increasing their capital per worker by the same amount, the impact on productivity was relatively larger in Hermes. This is in line with the catch-up effect, where economies with lower initial capital levels tend to experience faster productivity growth to catch up with more advanced economies.
Overall, the catch-up effect demonstrates how countries with lower levels of capital per worker can achieve significant productivity gains over time, leading to economic growth and narrowing the productivity gap with more developed countries.
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You are paying 5% per annum paid semi-annually and receiving 6-month LIBOR on USD 10 million interest rate swap with exactly two years maturity. 6-month LIBOR for the next payment date is fixed today at 4.95%. You expect 6-month LIBOR in 6 months to fix at 5.25%, and in 12 months a 5.35% and in 18 months at 5.40%. What do you expect the net settlement amounts to be over the next 2 years? Assume 30-day months A. Pay 250, receive 1,250, receive 1,750, receive 2,000 B. Receive 250,pay 1,250, pay 1,750 pay 2,000 C. Pay 2,500, receive 12,500 receive 17,500, receive 20,000 D. Receive 2,500, pay 12,500, pay 17,500, pay 20,000
Given that you are paying 5% per annum paid semi-annually and receiving a 6-month LIBOR on USD 10 million interest rate swap with exactly two years of maturity. The 6-month LIBOR for the next payment date is fixed today at 4.95%. The expected 6-month LIBOR in 6 months to fix at 5.25%, in 12 months at 5.35%, and in 18 months at 5.40%. So the right option is (B) Receive 250, pay 1,250, pay 1,750 pay 2,000.
Therefore, the expected net settlement amounts to be over the next 2 years are as follows: Firstly, the fixed rate semi-annually can be calculated as follows: Floating rate semi-annually = (USD 10 million × 6 months × 4.95%) / 360 = USD 41,250Therefore, Fixed rate semi-annually = 5% × 10,000,000 / 2 = USD 250,000
Now, calculate the net cash flow for the next 6 months = Floating interest - Fixed interest = $41,250 - $250,000 = - $208,750So, you have to pay USD 208,750.After six months, you will receive USD 1,250,000 and the floating interest would be [USD 10 million × 6 months × 5.25%] / 360 = USD 43,750
Now, calculate the net cash flow for the next 6 months = Floating interest - Fixed interest = $43,750 - $250,000 = - $206,250So, you have to pay USD 206,250. After one year, you will receive USD 1,750,000 and the floating interest would be [USD 10 million × 6 months × 5.35%] / 360 = USD 44,583
Now, calculate the net cash flow for the next 6 months = Floating interest - Fixed interest = $44,583 - $250,000 = - $205,417So, you have to pay USD 205,417.After 18 months, you will receive USD 2,000,000 and the floating interest would be [USD 10 million × 6 months × 5.40%] / 360 = USD 45,000
Now, calculate the net cash flow for the next 6 months = Floating interest - Fixed interest = $45,000 - $250,000 = - $205,000So, you have to pay USD 205,000. The expected net settlement amounts over the next 2 years are: Receive $0, pay $208,750, pay $206,250, pay $205,417, pay $205,000 = $573,583
Therefore the correct answer is: (B). Receive 250, pay 1,250, pay 1,750 pay 2,000
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A new highway is to be constructed. Design A calls for a concrete pavement costing $80 per foot with a 20-year life; four paved ditches costing $3 per foot each; and four box culverts every mile, each costing $10,000 and having a 20-year life. Annual maintenance will cost $1,600 per mile; the culverts must be cleaned every five years at a cost of $400 each per mile. Design B calls for a bituminous pavement costing $55 per foot with a 10-year life; four sodded ditches costing $1.40 per foot each; and four pipe culverts every mile, each costing $2,100 and having a 10-year life. The replacement culverts will cost $2,450 each. Annual maintenance will cost $2,600 per mile; the culverts must be cleaned yearly at a cost of $225 each per mile; and the annual ditch maintenance will cost $1.55 per foot per ditch. Compare the two designs on the basis of equivalent worth per mile for a 20-year period. Find the most economical design on the basis of AW and PW if the MARR is 12% per year.
Design B is the most cost-effective design based on AW and PW since it has a lower negative value, indicating a lower cost over a 20-year period than Design A.
A design
The cost of concerete pavement is $90 multiplied by 5280.
The cost of concerete pavement is $475,200.
$ 3 X 5280 = cost of each paved ditch
$ 15,840 for each paved ditch
$ 31,680 for two paved ditches
The cost of three box culverts every mile is $9000 multiplied by three.
$ 27,000 for three box culverts every mile
Concrete pavement total cost in year 0 = $475,200 + $31,680 + $27,000
The total cost of concrete pavement in year zero is $533,880.
$ 1800 for annual maintenance
Annual upkeep in year 5 = $1,800 + 450 ($2,250).
B design
Pavement cost for plan B = $ 45 X 5280
Pavement cost for plan B = $237,600
Sodded ditch cost = $ 1.50 X 5280
The cost of sodded ditches is $7,920.
$ 15,840 for two sodded ditches
The cost of three pipe culverts is $ 2,250 multiplied by three.
Three pipe culverts cost $6,750.
Culvert replacement cost = $ 2400 X 3
Culvert replacement costs $7,200.
$ 2,700 for annual maintenance
Culvert cleaning costs $ 225 multiplied by three.
Culvert cleaning costs $675.
$ 1.50 X 5280 = yearly ditch upkeep
$ 7,920 for annual ditch maintenance
Bituminous pavement initial cost = $237,600 + $7,920 + $6,750
$ 252,270 for the initial cost of bituminous pavement
Annual maintenance cost = $ 2700 + $ 225 + $ 1.50 X 5280
Annual maintenance cost = $10,845
Year 11 cost = $237,600 + $7,920 + $2400 x 3 (cost of education) = $252,720.
design cash flow equation A worth equivalent = $ 533,880 (A/P, 6%, 20 years) + $ 1800 + $ 2,250 (P/A, 6%, 20 years).
Design B equivalent worth = $ 252,270 (A/P, 6%, 20 years) + $ 10,845 + $ 252,720 (P/A, 6%, 20 years)
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