An additional cost from selecting a certain course of action is an Incremental cost.
An incremental cost is an increase or decrease in total costs as a result of a specific activity or investment decision. The incremental cost concept is used in cost accounting to help businesses make decisions based on the net impact of one option over another.
The incremental cost of a product is the additional cost that is incurred when making one more unit. It includes the cost of materials and labor, as well as any other costs associated with the production process. Incremental costs can also refer to the additional costs associated with expanding a business, such as hiring new employees or purchasing new equipment.
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KR Inc.’s main facility is located in Wellington. Suppose that Genentech would experience a direct loss of $700 million in the event of a major earthquake that disrupted its operations. The chance of such an earthquake is 2.2% per year, with a beta of -0.7.
a) If the risk-free interest rate is 3.5% and the expected return of the market is 9%, what is the actuarially fair insurance premium required to cover KR Inc.’s loss? (2 marks)
The actuarially fair insurance premium required to cover KR Inc.'s loss is approximately -$44 million.
The actuarially fair insurance premium required to cover KR Inc.'s loss in the event of a major earthquake can be calculated using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the given information.
The CAPM formula is as follows:
Expected Return = Risk-Free Rate + Beta × (Expected Market Return - Risk-Free Rate)
In this case, the risk-free rate is 3.5%, and the expected return of the market is 9%. The beta value is given as -0.7. Using these values, we can calculate the expected return for Genentech:
Expected Return = 3.5% + (-0.7) × (9% - 3.5%)
Expected Return = 3.5% - 0.7 × 5.5%
Expected Return = 3.5% - 3.85%
Expected Return = -0.35%
The negative expected return suggests that Genentech's stock is expected to perform worse than the risk-free rate, which indicates higher risk associated with the company.
To determine the actuarially fair insurance premium, we need to consider the probability of a major earthquake occurring. The chance of such an earthquake is given as 2.2% per year. Multiplying this probability by the direct loss of $700 million, we can calculate the expected loss:
Expected Loss = Probability of Event × Direct Loss
Expected Loss = 2.2% × $700 million
Expected Loss = $15.4 million
The actuarially fair insurance premium is equal to the expected loss divided by the expected return:
Insurance Premium = Expected Loss / Expected Return
Insurance Premium = $15.4 million / -0.35%
Insurance Premium ≈ -$44 million
Therefore, the actuarially fair insurance premium required to cover KR Inc.'s loss is approximately -$44 million. The negative value suggests that the insurance company would need to charge KR Inc. a premium to cover the risk associated with the potential earthquake event.
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34. Additional coverages available under a standard National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) flood policy include all of the following EXCEPT oa. business income loss. ob. debris removal expenses. OC.
Additional coverages available under a standard National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) flood policy include all of the following except A. business income loss.
A National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) policy provides coverage for flood insurance. Standard policies from the National Flood Insurance Program provide for coverage for the building and contents of the structure on your property. Building coverage covers the structure of the property like walls, floors, foundation, electrical and plumbing systems, central air conditioning equipment, water heaters, fuel tanks, and more.
While contents coverage covers personal property such as furniture, clothes, electronics, curtains, portable air conditioners, and more. However, it's important to note that there are limitations to the coverage provided by NFIP policies. Additional coverages available under a standard National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) flood policy include all of the following except business income loss. NFIP policy doesn't cover living expenses, such as temporary housing in case your home is uninhabitable during repairs. Nonetheless, it covers debris removal expenses and similar damages.
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When developing research program, there are several criteria for an effective customer research program. Among several, pick THREE different criteria and discuss with each (you also need to provide an example for each of three criteria)
An effective customer research program has a set of criteria that it must meet. Here are three criteria that are essential for any effective customer research program:1. Goal-OrientedA customer research program must have specific objectives that it seeks to achieve.
These goals must be established before any research is conducted. They should guide the selection of the research method and the data collection techniques.A good example is a company that wants to introduce a new product into the market. Its customer research program's goal could be to determine whether its target customers would buy the product.2. Valid and Reliable DataThe data collected through a customer research program must be valid and reliable. Validity refers to the accuracy of the data collected, while reliability refers to the consistency of the data collected over time.
A good example is a company that wants to know how its customers feel about the quality of its products. It can use customer feedback to collect data on customer satisfaction.3. Representative SampleA customer research program must have a representative sample of the target population. The sample size must be large enough to provide a high level of confidence in the results.A good example is a company that wants to know how its customers feel about a particular product. The company can survey customers.
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Question 57 Angie incurs the following costs in undertaking a prescribed course of education related to her current occupation in the 2020/21 income year: Tuition fees (excluding HECS fees), books and
Angie can deduct $750 under section 8-1 ITAA97. Angie incurs the various costs for her prescribed course of education.
Tuition fees (excluding HECS fees), books, and stationery: $800
Child-minding fees: $200
To determine the amount Angie can deduct under section 8-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA97), we need to consider the rules and limitations related to self-education expenses.
Under section 8-1 of the ITAA97, a taxpayer can deduct expenses incurred for self-education if the education is directly related to their current occupation. However, certain conditions and limitations apply.
One of these limitations is section 82A of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA36), which states that the first $250 of self-education expenses are non-deductible.
In Angie's case, her total expenses for the prescribed course of education amount to $1,000. After applying section 82A of the ITAA36, the first $250 is not deductible. Therefore, Angie can deduct the amount exceeding $250, which is $1,000 - $250 = $750.
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Pls solve wtih showing the formulas and explain Q3(30 P). A firm sells the same material with two separate payment plans. 1. According to the 1st payment plan, the payment period is l2 months, each monthly payment is 10 837 000 TL, and an interim payment(Ara Odeme) of 12 million TL is required at the end of the 6th month. 2. In the 2nd payment plan, the payment period is 18 months, each monthly payment is 7 965 000 TL and an interim payment (Ara Odeme) of 36 million TL is required at the end of the 12th month. Annual nominal interest rate for both options is 60%. Which payment plan would you recommend? In payments, discrete compound interest is applied.
Payment plan would be recommended is payment plan 1 as it results in a lower cost for the same material, considering the annual nominal interest rate of 60%.
The two payment plans and determine which one is more favorable, we need to calculate the total amount paid under each plan and compare them.
Payment Plan 1:
Payment period: 12 months
Monthly payment: 10,837,000 TL
Interim payment at the end of the 6th month: 12,000,000 TL
The total amount paid under this plan, we'll consider the interim payment as a regular monthly payment for the first 6 months.
Total amount paid = (Monthly payment × Payment period) + Interim payment
= (10,837,000 × 12) + 12,000,000
= 130,044,000 + 12,000,000
= 142,044,000 TL
Payment Plan 2:
Payment period: 18 months
Monthly payment: 7,965,000 TL
Interim payment at the end of the 12th month: 36,000,000 TL
Similarly, we'll consider the interim payment as a regular monthly payment for the first 12 months.
Total amount paid = (Monthly payment × Payment period) + Interim payment
= (7,965,000 × 18) + 36,000,000
= 143,370,000 + 36,000,000
= 179,370,000 TL
Now, we need to compare the total amounts paid under each plan. Since the annual nominal interest rate is 60%, we'll use the discrete compound interest formula to calculate the present value of each payment plan and compare them.
Present Value (PV) = Payment / (1 + (Interest Rate / Number of Payments)) Number of Payments
Payment Plan 1:
PV1 = (10,837,000 / (1 + (0.6 / 12))¹²) + (12,000,000 / (1 + (0.6 / 12))⁶)
= 10,837,000 / (1.05)¹² + 12,000,000 / (1.05)⁶
= 10,837,000 / 1.82212 + 12,000,000 / 1.3401
= 5,951,702.85 + 8,955,224.78
= 14,906,927.63 TL
Payment Plan 2:
PV2 = (7,965,000 / (1 + (0.6 / 12))¹⁸) + (36,000,000 / (1 + (0.6 / 12))¹²)
= 7,965,000 / (1.05)¹⁸ + 36,000,000 / (1.05)¹²
= 7,965,000 / 1.8533 + 36,000,000 / 1.425
= 4,302,138.49 + 25,263,157.89
= 29,565,296.38 TL
Based on the present values calculated, we can see that Payment Plan 1 has a lower present value (14,906,927.63 TL) compared to Payment Plan 2 (29,565,296.38 TL). Therefore, we would recommend Payment Plan 1 as it results in a lower cost for the same material, considering the annual nominal interest rate of 60%.
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Finance leases under US GAAP or all leases under IFRS have front-loaded expenses because the interest expense of each period is determined based on the present value of remaining lease liability. As a result, interest expense is higher in earlier years than later years. In contrast, an operating lease under US GAAP has straight-line lease expense (i.e., the same expense for every period).
Comparing the two income statements you completed under US GAAP (Operating Leases) and IFRS, what is the difference in total expenses (before rounding) after five years?
Without the specific figures or amounts provided in the income statements under US GAAP (Operating Leases) and IFRS, it is not possible to determine the exact difference in total expenses after five years.
The difference in total expenses between the two standards would depend on various factors such as the lease terms, lease payments, lease liability, interest rates, and the specific accounting treatment applied. Under US GAAP, operating leases are typically recognized with straight-line lease expense, meaning the same expense is recognized evenly over the lease term.
On the other hand, finance leases under US GAAP or all leases under IFRS may result in front-loaded expenses due to the recognition of interest expense based on the present value of the remaining lease liability. To calculate the difference in total expenses after five years, you would need the specific lease terms and financial information associated with the leases under both US GAAP (Operating Leases) and IFRS.
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Part (a) Can hydro energy be stored? What about other renewables? Why does it matter?
Part (b) What are the similarities and differences between Feed-in-Tariffs and Renewable Portfolio Standards? Give an example of a location where FIT is used and one where there is an RPS.
The main similarity between the two is that they both aim to incentivize the adoption of renewable energy. The difference is that FITs incentivize energy producers, while RPS incentivizes energy consumers.
Part (a)Yes, Hydro energy can be stored. However, when it comes to other renewables, it's not that simple. Energy storage is a critical aspect of any renewable energy system because it enables excess energy generated during times of high supply to be stored and then utilized later when there is an increased demand for energy.Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar can be stored in batteries, but the expense of installing batteries is prohibitively high for widespread adoption at present.
Hydroelectricity can be used to store energy by keeping water in a reservoir and then releasing it through turbines to generate electricity when it is required. This process is known as "pumped hydro storage."It's crucial to store excess energy because it could be used to make up for energy shortages. The energy storage system may also help to reduce the carbon footprint by avoiding the usage of non-renewable energy sources.
Part (b)Feed-in Tariffs (FIT) and Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) are both mechanisms that encourage the adoption of renewable energy. Despite the fact that they have different approaches, they both have the same purpose.FITs pay a fixed rate per kWh for any renewable electricity that is fed back into the grid.
The amount paid for the feed-in tariff is generally higher than the rate charged for the energy, making renewable energy projects more profitable. An example of a location where FITs are used is Germany.Renewable portfolio standards (RPS) are regulatory policies that require utilities to produce a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable sources. The state of California in the United States is one example of where RPS is used.
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Lime electric scooters ("e-scooters") are available for rent at various locations in major U.S. cities via a smartphone app. When Lime introduced the e-scooters in the U.S., the price per minute was 15 cents (plus $1 to unlock the scooter for each ride). Recently, the price has risen to 25 cents per minute (plus $1 to unlock). There are a number of e-scooter competitors in the U.S. market, all priced about the same as Lime. Interestingly, almost all of the scooters are built in one company in China, Ninebot. Although the scooters are essentially the same, there are cosmetic differences to differentiate the various brands Lime, Spin, etc.). Suppose a start-up company in the U.S. decides to create a new brand of rental e-scooters, Zing. Zing scooters will also be produced by Ninebot. Zing's plan is to have the e-scooters available in the same places the other brands are located and to have a smartphone app (because they are targeting current users of Lime and other brands), but plans to differentiate itself by charging a lower price per minute for rentals. How successful do you think Zing will be with this strategy? Begin your answer with either Successful or Unsuccessful, then briefly explain the reasoning behind your decision.
Zing, a new brand of rental e-scooters, is planning to differentiate itself from other competitors by charging a lower price per minute for rentals. This paper aims to discuss the strategy's chances of success or failure.
The new start-up company in the U.S., Zing, has come up with a plan to differentiate itself by offering rental e-scooters at a lower price per minute for rentals. However, other rental companies such as Lime and Spin also offer rental e-scooters for rent at approximately the same price. Zing's plan to lower prices might be a short-term success to attract new users. However, it might fail to survive in the long run due to increasing competition.
As they offer the same product with a different brand name and price, Zing's potential users might get attracted towards it in the beginning. However, in the long term, other rental companies might come up with new strategies to compete and survive in the market. Thus, it might get difficult for Zing to sustain in the long term, and the success of the strategy would depend on various factors such as market share, advertising, promotion, and unique features of the product offered. Therefore, Zing might initially be successful with its strategy of offering rental e-scooters at a lower price per minute for rentals but might not sustain in the long term due to increased competition.
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Comcast company is mainly operating within the cable industry. Use your macroeconomics analysis to explain the negative effects to why the company may not be successful in the near future.
There are several macroeconomic factors that could have negative effects on Comcast's success in the near future within the cable industry:
1. Technological Disruptions: The cable industry is facing significant technological disruptions, with the rise of streaming services and over-the-top content providers. Consumers are increasingly opting for more flexible and affordable alternatives to traditional cable TV, which poses a threat to Comcast's subscription-based revenue model. The company may struggle to adapt to these technological changes and could face declining customer base and revenues.
2. Changing Consumer Preferences: Consumer preferences are shifting towards on-demand and personalized content. Cable companies like Comcast often offer bundled packages with a wide range of channels, which may not align with the preferences of modern consumers who prefer targeted content. This could result in customer churn and difficulty in attracting new subscribers.
3. Intense Competition: The cable industry is highly competitive, with both traditional and new players vying for market share. Comcast faces competition not only from other cable providers but also from satellite TV providers, telecommunications companies offering TV services, and streaming platforms. Intense competition can lead to price wars, reduced profit margins, and challenges in retaining customers.
4. Regulatory Environment: The cable industry is subject to various regulations and policies that can impact the operations and profitability of companies like Comcast. Changes in regulations, such as net neutrality rules or content licensing agreements, can significantly affect the company's ability to offer competitive services or increase costs of operation.
5. Economic Downturn: Comcast's success is also tied to the overall economic conditions. During an economic downturn, consumers may cut back on discretionary spending, including cable subscriptions. Reduced consumer spending can lead to lower revenues for Comcast and impact its profitability.
It is important to note that while these factors may pose challenges to Comcast's success in the near future, the company has the potential to adapt and evolve its business model to remain competitive. Continued investment in new technologies, diversification of services, and effective marketing strategies can help Comcast mitigate these negative effects and position itself for long-term success.
About EconomicIn general, economics has an understanding as a science that studies how humans fulfill their life needs by using available resources. All forms of business and human effort in meeting the needs of life in order to obtain life welfare.
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determine the edge connectivity and the vertex connectivity of each graph.
To determine the edge connectivity and vertex connectivity of a graph, we need to analyze the graph's structure and identify the minimum number of edges or vertices whose removal will disconnect the graph.
Edge Connectivity:
Edge connectivity measures the minimum number of edges that need to be removed to disconnect a graph. To find the edge connectivity, we perform the following steps:
Identify the minimum cut sets: A cut set is a set of edges whose removal disconnects the graph.
Vertex Connectivity:
Vertex connectivity measures the minimum number of vertices that need to be removed to disconnect a graph. To find the vertex connectivity, we follow these steps:
Identify the minimum cut sets: A cut set is a set of vertices whose removal disconnects the graph.
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A stock just paid $1.9 dividend yesterday. The dividend is expected to grow at 1.8% per year thereafter. If the required rate of return of the stock is 8%, then using the dividend discount model, the stock price should be ------
Using the dividend discount model, the stock price should be approximately $30.65.To calculate the stock price using the dividend discount model, we need to divide the dividend by the difference between the required rate of return and the dividend growth rate.
Let's denote:
D0 = Dividend paid yesterday = $1.9
g = Dividend growth rate = 1.8% or 0.018
r = Required rate of return = 8% or 0.08
The stock price (P0) can be calculated as follows:
P0 = D0 / (r - g)
Substituting the given values:
P0 = $1.9 / (0.08 - 0.018)
P0 = $1.9 / 0.062
P0 ≈ $30.65
Therefore, using the dividend discount model, the stock price should be approximately $30.65.
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What personal experiences have you had as a health insurance consumer?
Answer: Lack of a full view of the customer, healthcare decision making, and ... of respondents who had group coverage but were able to select their own plans. ... this opportunity, we outline specific steps, private insurance driven environment like the United States or ... as defined by the individual in a care encounter
Explanation:
Integrative Leverage and risk Firm R has sales of 100,000 units at $1.99 per unit, variable operating costs of $1.68 per unit, and fixed operating costs of $6,030. Interest is $10,020 per year. Firm W has sales of 100,000 units at $2.59 per unit, variable operating costs of $1.02 per unit, and fixed operating costs of $62,600. Interest is $17,500 per year. Assume that both firms are in the 40% tax bracket. a. Compute the degree of operating, financial, and total leverage for firm R. b. Compute the degree of operating, financial, and total leverage for firm W. c. Compare the relative risks of the two firms. d. Discuss the principles of leverage that your answers illustrate.
To compute the degree of operating, financial, and total leverage for Firm R and Firm W, we need to understand the definitions of these leverages.
Operating leverage measures the extent to which a company's fixed costs are used in its cost structure. It is calculated as the ratio of fixed costs to total costs. A higher operating leverage indicates a larger proportion of fixed costs relative to variable costs.
Financial leverage measures the use of debt in a company's capital structure. It is calculated as the ratio of debt to equity. Higher financial leverage means a company has a higher proportion of debt financing compared to equity financing.
Total leverage combines both operating leverage and financial leverage. It measures the overall riskiness of a company and is calculated as the product of the operating leverage and financial leverage.
a. For Firm R:
- Sales = 100,000 units * $1.99 per unit = $199,000
- Variable operating costs = 100,000 units * $1.68 per unit = $168,000
- Fixed operating costs = $6,030
- Degree of operating leverage = Fixed costs / (Sales - Variable costs)
= $6,030 / ($199,000 - $168,000)
= 6.03 / 31,000
= 0.0001945
- Interest expense = $10,020
- Degree of financial leverage = Debt / Equity
As the question doesn't provide the debt and equity amounts, we cannot calculate the financial leverage.
- Degree of total leverage = Degree of operating leverage * Degree of financial leverage
Since we don't have the financial leverage, we cannot calculate the total leverage.
b. For Firm W:
- Sales = 100,000 units * $2.59 per unit = $259,000
- Variable operating costs = 100,000 units * $1.02 per unit = $102,000
- Fixed operating costs = $62,600
- Degree of operating leverage = Fixed costs / (Sales - Variable costs)
= $62,600 / ($259,000 - $102,000)
= 62,600 / 157,000
= 0.398
- Interest expense = $17,500
- Degree of financial leverage = Debt / Equity
Since the question doesn't provide the debt and equity amounts, we cannot calculate the financial leverage.
- Degree of total leverage = Degree of operating leverage * Degree of financial leverage
Since we don't have the financial leverage, we cannot calculate the total leverage.
c. Comparing the relative risks of the two firms:
From the given information, we can observe that Firm R has lower fixed operating costs, lower interest expense, and lower variable operating costs compared to Firm W. This suggests that Firm R has a lower level of risk as its costs are relatively lower.
d. The principles of leverage illustrated in this scenario include:
- Operating leverage: It shows the impact of fixed costs on a company's cost structure. A higher operating leverage amplifies the impact of changes in sales on a company's profitability. Firm R has lower fixed costs, resulting in lower operating leverage.
- Financial leverage: It represents the use of debt in a company's capital structure. Higher financial leverage magnifies the impact of changes in interest expense on a company's earnings. The financial leverage calculations were not provided, so we cannot analyze it further.
- Total leverage: It combines both operating leverage and financial leverage to determine the overall riskiness of a company. Since the financial leverage information is missing, we cannot calculate the total leverage and assess the overall risk profile of the firms accurately.
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bank a has $23,004 in total reserves, and $4,404 in excess reserves. the required reserve ratio is 16 percent. bank a has total deposits of
Bank A has $23,004 in total reserves and $4,404 in excess reserves. The required reserve ratio is 16%. The total reserves held by the bank is $143,775. Bank reserves are the funds that banks hold to meet their obligations and maintain stability.
Bank reserves consist of required reserves, which are the minimum amounts mandated by regulators, and excess reserves, which are held voluntarily. These reserves are typically held in accounts at the central bank or as physical cash in bank vaults. Bank reserves ensure that banks have sufficient liquidity to fulfill withdrawal requests and contribute to the overall stability of the financial system. Central banks use reserve requirements as a tool to regulate the money supply and influence economic conditions.
We can find the total deposits using the formula below.
Total Reserves = Required Reserve Ratio × Total Deposits
$23,004 = 16% × Total Deposits
$23,004 ÷ 0.16 = Total Deposits
Total Deposits = $143,775
So, the total deposit for Bank A is $143,775.
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Kelly Inc. purchased equipment for $420,000, the useful life of the equipment is 10 years and the residual value is $20,000. Kelly Inc. estimates that the equipment will run for 800,000 hours. In year 1, Kelly used the equipment for 20,000 hours. What is the depreciation expense that Kelly Inc. will record using the units of production method for year one?
Kelly Inc. will record a depreciation expense of $10,000 using the units of production method for Year 1.
First, let's calculate the total depreciation cost over the useful life of the equipment:
Total depreciation cost = Initial cost - Residual valueTotal depreciation cost = $420,000 - $20,000Total depreciation cost = $400,000Next, let's calculate the depreciation cost per hour:
Depreciation cost per hour = Total depreciation cost / Total estimated hours of useDepreciation cost per hour = $400,000 / 800,000 hoursDepreciation cost per hour = $0.50Finally, let's calculate the depreciation expense for Year 1 by multiplying the depreciation cost per hour by the number of hours the equipment was used:
Depreciation expense for Year 1 = Depreciation cost per hour * Hours of use in Year 1Depreciation expense for Year 1 = $0.50 * 20,000 hoursDepreciation expense for Year 1 = $10,000Learn more about depreciation expense here:
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an author can register his or her copyright application with the
Answer:
You can submit a copyright application through www.copyright.gov or through a paper application. I think answer would be registration record
Explanation:
Answer:
US Copyright Office
Explanation:
a company reports average inventory of $91 million. its annual inventory turns are 9.7 per year. what is the company's annual cost-of-goods sold in million dollars (i.e., write 1.00 for $1,000,000)? ((specify your answer to 2 decimal places.)
A company reports average inventory of $91 million and annual inventory turns are 9.7 per year. The company's annual cost-of-goods sold will be $882.7 million dollars.
Inventory turnover measures management efficiency to use its inventory to produce goods.
Cost of goods sold is an direct expense used for producing and selling goods by the firm.
To calculate cost of goods sold:
Average Inventory turnover = 9.7 per year (Given)
Average Inventory = $ 91 million
Inventory turnover period = Cost of sales / Average Inventory
9.7 = COS / $ 91 million
COS = 9.7 * $ 91 million
= $ 882.7 million
Therefore, the cost cost of sale is $882.7 million.
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which of the following industries is most likely to exhibit the characteristic of free entry? group of answer choices a) nuclear power. b) municipal water and sewer. c) dairy farming. d) airport security.
Answer:
c) dairy farming.
Explanation:
Free entry refers to the ability of new firms to enter an industry without significant barriers or restrictions. This characteristic typically exists in industries where the initial investment and entry costs are relatively low, and there are no significant legal or regulatory barriers that prevent new entrants from establishing operations and competing with existing businesses.
In the case of the options provided, dairy farming is most likely to exhibit free entry. Dairy farming typically involves smaller-scale operations and can be pursued by individual farmers or smaller agricultural businesses. While there may be considerations such as land availability, access to grazing areas, and market demand, there are generally no significant legal or regulatory barriers that prevent new entrants from starting a dairy farming business. Farmers can establish their operations and compete with existing dairy farms without facing substantial entry barriers.
On the other hand, the other options listed are more likely to have significant barriers to entry:
a) Nuclear power: Nuclear power is a highly capital-intensive industry with substantial upfront costs and regulatory requirements. Building and operating nuclear power plants involve significant financial investments, technical expertise, and regulatory approvals. These factors create significant barriers to entry and limit the ability of new firms to enter the industry.
b) Municipal water and sewer: Municipal water and sewer systems are often regulated and operated by local governments or utilities. Establishing new water and sewer systems in a municipality typically requires substantial infrastructure investments, permits, and compliance with regulatory standards. These factors create barriers to entry and limit competition in the industry.
d) Airport security: Airport security is a specialized sector involving complex security protocols, technologies, and regulations. It is typically tightly regulated and subject to stringent security standards imposed by government agencies. The establishment of new firms providing airport security services would require meeting rigorous regulatory requirements, obtaining licenses, and potentially facing competition from established security providers, making it less likely to exhibit free entry.
Therefore, among the options provided, dairy farming is the industry most likely to exhibit the characteristic of free entry.
The industries is most likely to exhibit the characteristic of free entry is option c) dairy farming
Free entry refers to the ease with which new firms can enter and compete in a specific industry without significant barriers. In the case of dairy farming, it is relatively easier for new farmers to enter the industry compared to other options listed.
While industries like nuclear power, municipal water and sewer, and airport security often require substantial investments, specialized infrastructure, or government regulations, dairy farming can be started on a smaller scale with relatively lower entry barriers. Dairy farming can be established with a modest number of cows and basic facilities, allowing new farmers to enter the industry and compete with existing players.
Among the given options, dairy farming is most likely to exhibit the characteristic of free entry due to the relatively lower barriers to entry compared to nuclear power, municipal water and sewer, and airport security. This implies that new entrants can easily establish themselves in the dairy farming industry and compete with established dairy farmers.
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Plant assets are used in business and have useful lives that extend over more than one accounting period. True False
The given statement is true. Plant assets are tangible assets used in business operations that have useful lives extending over more than one accounting period.
These assets, such as buildings, machinery, vehicles, and equipment, are not meant for immediate consumption or resale but are utilized to generate revenue and support ongoing operations. They are recorded on the balance sheet and are subject to depreciation, which allocates the cost of the asset over its useful life. The recognition of plant assets recognizes their long-term nature and acknowledges that their value is expected to be realized over time rather than in a single accounting period. This treatment aligns with the accrual accounting principle, which aims to match revenues and expenses appropriately to provide an accurate representation of the company's financial position and performance.Therefore, the given statement is true. Plant assets are tangible assets used in business operations that have useful lives extending over more than one accounting period.
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The role of the Australian Government in ensuring that the market meets the criteria of a mixed economy like Australia is necessary in supporting a healthy economy. Discuss the 4 roles of the Australian Government through which they can make sure that the market meets the criteria of a Mixed Economy like Australia.
The four roles of the Australian Government through which they can ensure that the market meets the criteria of a Mixed Economy like Australia are regulation, taxation, redistribution of income, and monetary policy.
The government uses these tools to promote efficiency, equity, and economic growth in the market. Regulation is the government's role in setting and enforcing rules and standards in the market. This ensures that businesses and individuals comply with regulations, such as product safety standards, environmental standards, and competition laws. Taxation is another tool that the government uses to ensure that the market meets the criteria of a mixed economy. The government collects taxes from businesses and individuals and uses the revenue to provide public goods and services such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
Redistribution of income is the government's role in providing assistance to low-income families and individuals. This is achieved through programs such as welfare, social security, and unemployment benefits. These programs help to reduce income inequality in the market. Monetary policy is another tool used by the government to ensure that the market meets the criteria of a mixed economy. The government uses monetary policy to regulate the money supply in the market, which can influence interest rates, inflation, and economic growth. By controlling the money supply, the government can stabilize the economy and promote growth.
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29 As at January 2019 Gilles had unused TFSA contribution room of $35,000 and a TFSA balance of $73,000. During 2019 he withdrew $5,000. No other transactions were made. What was his TFSA contribution as of January 2020? A $79,000 B $46,000 C $41,000 D $35,000
His TFSA contribution as of January 2020 will be $35,000.
The correct answer to the given question is option D.
As at January 2019, Gilles had unused TFSA contribution room of $35,000 and a TFSA balance of $73,000. During 2019 he withdrew $5,000. No other transactions were made. We can calculate his TFSA contribution as of January 2020 by taking his unused TFSA contribution room of $35,000 from January 2019, adding his withdrawal of $5,000 from 2019, and adding his unused contribution room of $6,000 for 2019.
Therefore, his TFSA contribution room as of January 2020 will be $46,000. However, he had a TFSA balance of $73,000 on January 2019, which means that he didn’t contribute any amount for that year. So his contribution amount was $0. Therefore, his unused contribution room of $35,000 will be rolled over to January 2020.So his TFSA contribution room as of January 2020 will be $35,000. The correct answer is option D. $35,000.
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For the following transactions, prepare the entries that would be recorded in the general fixed assets account group for the city of Evert. a. The city purchased property costing $1,300,000, with three-fourths of the cost allocated to a building. b. A mansion belonging to the great-granddaughter of the city’s founder was donated to the city. The land cost the original owner $600, and the house was built for an additional $50,000. At the time of donation, the property had an estimated fair value of $550,000, of which $330,000 was allocable to the land. The property was accepted and is to be used as a park and a museum. c. A central fire station, financed by general obligation bonds, was two-thirds complete at year-end with costs to date of $800,000 that were recorded in the capital project fund. d. A new fire engine was purchased for $165,000. The city traded a used fire engine originally purchased for $100,000. The trade-in value was $25,000. Both engines were purchased from general property tax revenues. e. A new street was completed at a cost of $250,000, which is to be charged, through the capital projects fund’s special assessments, against property owners in the vicinity. The city follows GASB recommendations and records infrastructure assets. f. Evert developed computer software valued at $70,000 with an estimated useful life of seven years.
Here are the entries that would be recorded in the general fixed assets account group for the city of Evert for the following transactions:
The Journal Entriesa. Property purchased:
Dr. General Fixed Assets – Buildings 975,000
Cr. Cash 1,300,000
b. Property donated:
Dr. General Fixed Assets – Land 330,000
Dr. General Fixed Assets – Buildings 220,000
Cr. Donated Capital 550,000
c. Central fire station:
Dr. Capital Projects Fund 800,000
Cr. General Fixed Assets – Buildings 800,000
d. New fire engine:
Dr. General Fixed Assets – Vehicles 140,000
Cr. Cash 165,000
Cr. Accumulated Depreciation – Vehicles 25,000
e. New street:
Dr. Capital Projects Fund 250,000
Cr. Special Assessments Receivable 250,000
f. Computer software:
Dr. General Fixed Assets – Software 70,000
Cr. Cash 70,000
These entries are based on the following assumptions:
The city follows GAAP accounting standards.
The city has a separate capital projects fund for tracking the costs of capital projects.
The city uses the straight-line method of depreciation for all fixed assets.
The city has a useful life of seven years for computer software.
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Answer is the manufacturing strategy that has the shortest/fastest lead time (i.e., the manufacturing strategy that will provide product to customers the quickest). Air Make-to-Order Assemble-to-Order Truck Pipeline .::: Rail Make-to-Stock Water Engineer-to-Order
Make-to-stock is the manufacturing strategy that has the shortest / fastest lead time (i.e., the manufacturing strategy that will provide product to customers the quickest).
Make-to-stock (MTS) is a manufacturing method in which product demand is taken into account when scheduling and planning production. Products produced during the subsequent production period are used to fulfill orders placed during one manufacturing period.
Businesses use the common production method known as "Make to Stock" (MTS) to produce large quantities of goods in response to anticipated consumer demand. In order to deliver finished goods to customers at the time of purchase, MTS mandates that businesses maintain finished goods inventories.
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22. (3.5 pts) You are given the following data. Selected Age-to-Age Reported LDFs: 12-24 24-36 36-48 48-60 60-Ultimate 2.500 1.600 1.250 1.120 1.000 AVG $ 100,000 AY 2017 Reported Losses evaluated as of Dec 31, 2020 $ 60,000 AY 2017 Paid Losses evaluated as of Dec 31, 2020 (a) (3 pts) Estimate AY 2017 IBNR Reserves as of Dec 31, 2020 using the Loss Development (Chain-Ladder) Method. (b) (0.5 pts) Derive AY 2017 Case Reserves as of December 31, 2020.
(a) Using the Loss Development (Chain-Ladder) Method, the AY 2017 IBNR Reserves as of Dec 31, 2020 can be estimated as $20,000. (b) AY 2017 Case Reserves as of December 31, 2020 can be derived as $80,000 using the following formula: Case Reserve = Incurred Loss - Paid Loss.
Explanation:
(a) The Loss Development (Chain-Ladder) Method is used to estimate the IBNR reserves. The method assumes that the ratio of losses for a given period to the losses for the prior period is constant. The formula used to calculate the IBNR reserves is: IBNR Reserve = (Latest LDF for each origin year) * (Latest cumulative loss for each origin year) - (Paid Losses). Therefore, the AY 2017 IBNR Reserves as of Dec 31, 2020 can be estimated as $20,000 using the following formula: (1.000*1.120*1.250*1.600*2.500) * $100,000 - $60,000 = $20,000.
(b) Case Reserves can be derived by subtracting the Paid Loss from the Incurred Loss. Therefore, AY 2017 Case Reserves as of December 31, 2020 can be derived as $80,000 using the following formula: Case Reserve = Incurred Loss - Paid Loss = $100,000 - $60,000 = $80,000.
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You have been asked by your CEO to evaluate, analyse and calculate commonly used ratios relating to a company’s profitability, liquidity, solvency and management efficiency.
Requirement:
Complete the balance sheet and sales data (fill in the blanks), using the following financial data:
Debt/net worth 60%
Acid test ratio 1.2
Asset turnover 1.5 times
Day sales outstanding in accounts receivable 40 days
Gross profit margin 30%
Inventory turnover 6 times
Balance sheet
Cash ________ Accounts payable ________
Accounts receivable ________ Common stock RM15,000
Inventories ________ Retained earnings RM22,000
Plant & equipment ________
Total assets ________ Total liabilities ________
& capital
Sales ________
Cost of goods sold
To complete the balance sheet and sales data, we need the values for Common stock, Retained earnings, Average Daily Sales, and Average Inventory. Using the provided financial ratios, we can calculate the missing values and fill in the blanks.
How to calculate financial ratios effectively?To complete the balance sheet and sales data, we will use the provided financial ratios and information. Let's calculate each item step by step.
1. Debt/Net Worth Ratio:
Debt/Net Worth Ratio = Total Liabilities / Net Worth
Given that Debt/Net Worth Ratio is 60%, we can set up the following equation:
60% = Total Liabilities / Net Worth
2. Acid Test Ratio:
Acid Test Ratio = (Cash + Accounts Receivable) / Current Liabilities
Given that the Acid Test Ratio is 1.2, we can set up the following equation:
1.2 = (Cash + Accounts Receivable) / Accounts Payable
3. Asset Turnover:
Asset Turnover = Sales / Total Assets
Given that the Asset Turnover is 1.5 times, we can set up the following equation:
1.5 = Sales / Total Assets
4. Day Sales Outstanding (DSO) in Accounts Receivable:
DSO = (Accounts Receivable / Average Daily Sales)
Given that the DSO is 40 days, we can set up the following equation:
40 = (Accounts Receivable / (Sales / 365))
5. Gross Profit Margin:
Gross Profit Margin = (Gross Profit / Sales) * 100%
Given that the Gross Profit Margin is 30%, we can set up the following equation:
30% = (Gross Profit / Sales)
6. Inventory Turnover:
Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Average Inventory
Given that the Inventory Turnover is 6 times, we can set up the following equation:
6 = (Cost of Goods Sold / (Inventories / 365))
Now, let's solve these equations and complete the balance sheet and sales data.
Solution:
1. Debt/Net Worth Ratio:
Given Debt/Net Worth Ratio is 60%.
Let's assume Net Worth (Common stock + Retained earnings) = X.
Then, Total Liabilities = 60% of X.
We can assign values to Common stock and Retained earnings to solve for Total Liabilities and Net Worth.
Common stock: RM15,000
Retained earnings: RM22,000
Net Worth (X) = Common stock + Retained earnings
X = RM15,000 + RM22,000
X = RM37,000
Total Liabilities = Debt/Net Worth Ratio * Net Worth
Total Liabilities = 60% * RM37,000
Total Liabilities = RM22,200
2. Acid Test Ratio:
Given Acid Test Ratio is 1.2.
Let's assume Accounts Payable = Y.
Then, Cash + Accounts Receivable = 1.2 * Accounts Payable.
We can assign a value to Accounts Payable to solve for Cash and Accounts Receivable.
Accounts Payable: Y
Cash + Accounts Receivable = 1.2 * Y
3. Asset Turnover:
Given Asset Turnover is 1.5 times.
Let's assume Total Assets = Z.
Then, Sales = 1.5 * Total Assets.
We can assign a value to Total Assets to solve for Sales.
Total Assets: Z
Sales = 1.5 * Z
4. Day Sales Outstanding (DSO) in Accounts Receivable:
Given DSO is 40 days.
Let's assume Average Daily Sales = W.
Then, Accounts Receivable = 40 * (W / 365).
We can assign a value to Average Daily Sales to solve for Accounts Receivable.
Average Daily Sales: W
Accounts Receivable = 40 * (W / 365)
5. Gross Profit Margin:
Given Gross Profit Margin is 30%.
Let's assume Sales = S.
Then, Gross Profit = 30%
of Sales.
We can assign a value to Sales to solve for Gross Profit.
Sales: S
Gross Profit = 30% * S
6. Inventory Turnover:
Given Inventory Turnover is 6 times.
Let's assume Average Inventory = V.
Then, Cost of Goods Sold = (V / 365) * 6.
We can assign a value to Average Inventory to solve for Cost of Goods Sold.
Average Inventory: V
Cost of Goods Sold = (V / 365) * 6
By solving these equations, we can determine the values of the missing items in the balance sheet and sales data. Please provide the values for Common stock, Retained earnings, Average Daily Sales, and Average Inventory so that I can complete the calculations.
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What is horizontal segmentation?
Answer: Horizontal segmentation try's to understand what customers want and then to deliver it.
anyone able to do these??
1. If a company uses more debt and less equity in its capital structure, then A. Expected returns to stockholders will increase and riskiness will increase B. Expected returns to stockholders will dec
If a company uses more debt and less equity in its capital structure, then expected returns to stockholders will increase, and riskiness will increase.
What happens to expected returns to stockholders and riskiness when a company uses more debt and less equity in its capital structure?Expected returns to stockholders will increase, and riskiness will increase.
When a company increases its use of debt and decreases its use of equity in its capital structure, it is referred to as financial leverage or financial gearing. This means that the company relies more on borrowed funds (debt) to finance its operations instead of relying on funds raised from shareholders (equity).
By incorporating more debt, the company benefits from the tax-deductible interest payments associated with borrowing. This can result in higher returns to stockholders. The company's profits are distributed among a smaller equity base, which can amplify the returns for equity investors. Therefore, expected returns to stockholders tend to increase.
However, increasing debt also increases the company's financial risk and financial leverage. Debt comes with fixed interest payments and repayment obligations, which can pose a higher risk if the company experiences financial difficulties or faces challenges in meeting its debt obligations. This increased riskiness arises from the fact that the company has higher financial obligations and a lower equity buffer to absorb potential losses. Therefore, riskiness also tends to increase when a company employs more debt and less equity in its capital structure.
It's important to note that the impact of changes in capital structure on expected returns and riskiness can vary depending on the specific circumstances and market conditions. Therefore, thorough analysis and consideration of the company's financial position, industry dynamics, and risk tolerance are crucial when making decisions about capital structure.
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"Under what conditions will a related diversification strategy not be a source of competitive advantage for a firm?"
Instructions
Please Write a paper addressing the question of related diversification strategies and competitive advantage. Your paper should be at least three hundred words long.
Step 1 - Re-read the section in the text on the types of corporate diversification.
Step 2 - Choose a position in response to the question.
Step 3 - Research real-world examples to support your position.
The web is a valid resource for this research.
Don't be afraid to change your position if your research supports a different position than the one you initially took.
Step 4 - Write a paper answering the question. Your paper should:
Be at least three hundred words long
Use APA style
Cite all the sources you used
Provide examples to support your position
Please refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. (commonly referred to as APA format) when formatting research papers, crediting sources, and creating reference lists.
If a company is able to utilize its current assets, skills, and strengths to generate synergies and broaden its range of offerings, pursuing a connected diversification strategy can provide a competitive advantage.
How feasible is this strategy?Nonetheless, this is not necessarily true in all circumstances. A related diversification strategy may not provide a competitive advantage in certain circumstances.
If the organization lacks the essential resources, abilities, or skills needed to succeed in the emerging market.
If the resources, capabilities and skills of the company do not match the requirements of the new market.
If the firm faces significant competition in the new market.
If the firm's management team is not capable of managing a diversified business.
Real-world examples of firms that have failed to achieve competitive advantage through related diversification include:
General Electric (GE) in the 1990s.
Tyco International in the 2000s.
Vivendi Universal in the 2000s.
These companies made considerable investments in new ventures that were unrelated to their main businesses. Despite their efforts, they failed to attain the intended benefits of combining forces and maximizing opportunities. Consequently, they had to bear noteworthy monetary setbacks and were compelled to relinquish numerous of their freshly acquired enterprises.
Ultimately, a strategy involving diversification within a related field can provide a competitive edge for a company, but only if it is implemented effectively. Nonetheless, this is not necessarily true. Several factors can hinder a company's ability to gain a competitive edge through related diversification.
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Consider the model that satisfies MLR.4 y= BO+B1X1+...+BKXK+u Which of the following describes the regression specification error test (RESET)? Check all that apply The test does not pick up certain kinds of neglected nonlinearities by adding quadratic terms. A model with many explanatory variables will use up too many degrees of freedom. To implement RESET, the researcher must add at least three functions of the fitted values in an expanded regression The test shows that no nonlinear functions of the independent variables, when added to the original model, should be significant.
The regression specification error test shows that no nonlinear functions of the independent variables when added to the original model, should be significant. Option D is the correct option.
The regression specification error test (RESET) is a diagnostic test used to detect the presence of neglected nonlinearities in a regression model. It helps determine if the model adequately captures the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables.
The test does not pick up certain kinds of neglected nonlinearities by simply adding quadratic terms, implying that the inclusion of quadratic terms may not fully capture the nonlinear relationships in the data. To implement RESET, the researcher needs to add at least three functions of the fitted values in an expanded regression.
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(6 marks) Janet has the production function z = (x, y) = 2√x +
√y where x and y are inputs and z is the output. Janet’s production
function is strictly concave and in
Janet's production function is given by z = 2√x + √y, where x and y are inputs and z is the output. The production function is strictly concave and increasing in both inputs.
To prove that the production function is strictly concave, we can calculate the second-order partial derivatives of z with respect to x and y. Let's denote the partial derivatives as follows:
∂z/∂x: Partial derivative of z with respect to x
∂z/∂y: Partial derivative of z with respect to y
∂²z/∂x²: Second-order partial derivative of z with respect to x
∂²z/∂y²: Second-order partial derivative of z with respect to y
∂²z/∂x∂y: Cross-partial derivative of z with respect to x and y
Taking the first-order partial derivatives:
∂z/∂x = ∂(2√x + √y)/∂x = 1/√x
∂z/∂y = ∂(2√x + √y)/∂y = 1/√y
Taking the second-order partial derivatives:
∂²z/∂x² = ∂(1/√x)/∂x = -1/(2x^(3/2))
∂²z/∂y² = ∂(1/√y)/∂y = -1/(2y^(3/2))
∂²z/∂x∂y = ∂(1/√x)/∂y = 0 (since the derivative of 1/√x with respect to y is 0)
Since the second-order partial derivatives are negative for all positive values of x and y, we can conclude that the production function is strictly concave.
The fact that the production function is strictly concave implies that as we increase the inputs x and y, the marginal productivity of each input decreases. This indicates diminishing returns to scale in production.
In summary, Janet's production function z = 2√x + √y is strictly concave, implying diminishing returns to scale in production.
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