a) To find the breakeven point (BEP) of the company, we need to determine the number of units or dollars sold where the company's total revenue equals its total costs.
1. Calculation in terms of units sold:
BEP (in units) = Fixed Costs / (Selling Price per Unit - Variable Cost per Unit)
BEP = $10,000 / ($100 - $55)
BEP = 200 units
2. Calculation in terms of dollars sold:
BEP (in dollars) = BEP (in units) * Selling Price per Unit
BEP = 200 units * $100
BEP = $20,000
b) The breakeven point (BEP) represents the level of sales at which a company neither makes a profit nor incurs a loss. It is the point where total revenue equals total costs. Interpreting the BEP helps businesses understand the minimum level of sales needed to cover all costs and start generating profits. If actual sales exceed the breakeven point, the company starts making a profit.
c) To lower the breakeven point (BEP) and improve profitability, you can consider the following suggestions:
1. Reduce fixed costs: Explore ways to minimize fixed expenses, such as renegotiating lease agreements, optimizing utility usage, or streamlining administrative costs.
2. Increase selling price: Evaluate the market demand and competition to determine if raising the selling price is feasible. However, ensure that the price increase does not negatively impact sales volume.
3. Lower variable costs per unit: Look for opportunities to reduce the cost of raw materials, improve operational efficiency, or negotiate better deals with suppliers.
4. Increase sales volume: Implement effective marketing strategies to boost sales and expand the customer base. This can include targeted advertising, promotions, discounts, or entering new markets.
5. Improve productivity: Enhance the productivity of your workforce by providing training, improving processes, or adopting technology solutions that automate tasks and increase efficiency.
By implementing these strategies, the company can reduce its breakeven point and achieve profitability at lower sales levels.
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On May 1, 2021, Crane Company declared and issued a 10% common stock dividend. Prior to this dividend, Crane had 190000 shares of $1 par value common stock issued and outstanding. The fair value of Crane's common stock was $23 per share on May 1, 2021. As a result of this stock dividend, Crane's total stockholders' equity O decreased by $23000. O decreased by $437000. O did not change. O increased by $437000.
To determine the effect of the stock dividend on Crane Company's total stockholders' equity, we need to calculate the value of the stock dividend and its impact on the equity.
The stock dividend is calculated by multiplying the number of existing shares by the stock dividend percentage. In this case, the stock dividend is 10% of 190,000 shares:
Stock dividend = 10% x 190,000 shares = 19,000 sharesThe fair value of the stock is given as $23 per share. Therefore, the value of the stock dividend is:
Value of stock dividend = 19,000 shares x $23 per share = $437,000Since the stock dividend is distributed to the shareholders, it will be recorded as an increase in the common stock and a corresponding decrease in retained earnings. However, the total stockholders' equity remains unchanged because the increase in common stock is offset by the decrease in retained earnings.
Therefore, the correct answer is: The stock dividend did not change Crane Company's total stockholders' equity.
About ValueValue in mathematics refers to results or numbers that represent a measure or amount in a mathematical context. Values can represent various concepts such as numbers, variables, or functions. In mathematics, values are often used to perform calculations, comparisons or modeling of mathematical phenomena.
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The cost of land improvements includes fencing, paving, parking areas, and lighting. True False
True. The company recognizes that these enhancements have a value and contribute to the overall worth of the land.
The cost of land improvements does include expenses related to fencing, paving, parking areas, and lighting. Land improvements are enhancements made to the land that increase its value or utility. These improvements are considered separate from the land itself and are capitalized as a separate asset on the balance sheet.
Land improvements are typically long-term in nature and have a useful life that extends beyond a single accounting period. The costs incurred to acquire, install, or construct these improvements are recorded as an asset and depreciated over their useful life. Examples of land improvements include but are not limited to:
1. Fencing: The cost of installing fences around the land to provide security or boundary demarcation.
2. Paving: The cost of laying asphalt or concrete surfaces for roads, driveways, or parking lots on the land.
3. Parking areas: The cost of constructing designated parking spaces or parking structures on the land.
4. Lighting: The cost of installing lighting fixtures such as streetlights, floodlights, or landscape lighting on the land.
By capitalizing the cost of land improvements, the company recognizes that these enhancements have a value and contribute to the overall worth of the land. Additionally, by depreciating these costs over time, the company spreads the expense over the useful life of the improvements, matching the cost with the periods in which they provide benefits.
It's important to note that the specific classification and treatment of land improvements may vary depending on accounting standards and company policies. Therefore, it is always advisable to consult with accounting professionals and refer to applicable accounting guidelines when recording and reporting land improvements.
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Smithson Floor Coverings reported the following summarized data at December 31, 2024. Accounts appear in no particular onder, and all have normal balance Prepare the trial balance of Smithson Floor Coverings at December 31, 2024
A trial balance is an accounting tool used to check the accuracy of ledger balances by comparing debit and credit balances in ledger accounts.
It contains a list of all accounts used by the company with their corresponding balances at a specific point in time. It is used to check for errors in recording transactions and to ensure that the total debits equal total credits. In the given question, we have to prepare a trial balance for Smithson Floor Coverings on December 31, 2024.So, the trial balance should include all accounts with their respective debit or credit balances at the end of the year.
The following table shows the accounts and their balances for Smithson Floor Coverings: Trial Balance of Smithson Floor Coverings at December 31, 2024,
Cash$28,000.00[Debit] Accounts Receivable$21,000.00 [Credit] Supplies$9,000.00 Prepaid Insurance $3,000.00[ Debit] Equipment$75,000.00 [Credit] Accumulated Depreciation: Equipment$15,000.00 [Debit] Accounts Payable$18,000.00 [Credit] Salaries Payable $4,000.00 Debit] Unearned Revenue$6,000.00 [Credit] Common Stock $60,000.00 [Debit] Dividends$12,000.00 [Credit] Service Revenue $96,000.00 [Debit] Rent Expense$3,000.00 [Debit] Utilities Expense$2,000.00 [Credit] Salaries Expense$54,000.00 [Debit] Total of Debit $222,000.00 Total of Credit $222,000.00.To learn more about trial balance, visit here
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In January 2014, a Big Mac sold for $4.62 in US and €3.66 in the Euro Area. The actual exchange rate was 0.74-$1 and the dollar price of the Big Mac in the Euro Area was $4.96. Based on the law of one price, which of the following statements is the most accurate? 2. The exchange rate implied by the PPP (Big Mac Index) equals €0.74-S1 and the Euro is neither overvalued nor undervalued. b. The exchange rate implied by the PPP (Big Mac Index) equals 60.79-$1 and the Euro is overvalued. c. The exchange rate implied by the PPP (Big Mac Index) equals €1.262-$1 and the Euro is overvalued. d. The exchange rate implied by the PPP (Big Mac Index) equals €1.355-$1 and the Euro is undervalued.
The exchange rate implied by the PPP (Big Mac Index) equals €1.355-$1 and the Euro is undervalued.
According to the law of one price, the same good in different markets should have the same price. The Big Mac Index (PPP) calculates the implied exchange rate that will equalize the price of the same basket of goods in two countries.To calculate the exchange rate between the US dollar and the euro, the price of the Big Mac in the Euro Area is multiplied by the actual exchange rate. The exchange rate implied by the PPP is determined by equating the dollar price of the Big Mac in the United States to the price of a Big Mac in the Euro Area converted into dollars at the current exchange rate.
By substituting the given values in the formula, the exchange rate implied by the PPP is calculated:Exchange rate = (price of Big Mac in Euro Area / price of Big Mac in the United States) × actual exchange rate= (3.66/4.62) × 0.74= 0.5913 or €1.691 per dollarThis implies that the euro is undervalued compared to the US dollar, and it would require €1.355 per dollar to equalize the price of the Big Mac in the two countries.Therefore, the most accurate statement is that the exchange rate implied by the PPP (Big Mac Index) equals €1.355-$1, and the Euro is undervalued. The option d. The exchange rate implied by the PPP (Big Mac Index) equals €1.355-$1, and the Euro is undervalued is the correct option.
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Plant purchased on 1/1/2018: Purchase price (incl. VAT) Import duties . 570 000 . 100 000 . Installation cost (incl. VAT) 34 200 45 000 Fuel (incurred when transporting plant to factory) Staff party to celebrate acquisition of new planf Admin costs 14 000 10 000 Staff training 12 000 10 980 Testing to ensure plant fully operational before start (incl. VAT) Proceeds from sale of samples made during testing (incl. VAT) Advertising of new products made by plant (incl. VAT) 14 820 50 000 35 000 Initial operating losses Estimated costs of dismantling at end of useful life (PV) 27 020 All amounts are exclusive of VAT unless stated otherwise. The company is a registered VAT vendor). Assume a standard VAT rate of 15% Calculate the cost to be capitalised/recognised to the plant account
The cost to be capitalized/recognized to the plant account is $797,000.
To calculate the cost to be capitalized/recognized to the plant account, we need to consider the relevant costs incurred in acquiring, installing, and preparing the plant for its intended use. These costs include:
Purchase price (incl. VAT): $570,000
Import duties: $100,000
Installation cost (incl. VAT): $45,000
Fuel (incurred when transporting plant to the factory): $0 (since it is not stated)
Staff party to celebrate the acquisition of the new plant: $0 (this is not a cost directly related to the acquisition or preparation of the plant)
Admin costs: $10,000
Staff training: $10,980
Testing to ensure the plant is fully operational before start (incl. VAT): $0 (since it is not stated)
Proceeds from the sale of samples made during testing (incl. VAT): $0 (since it is not stated)
Advertising of new products made by the plant (incl. VAT): $35,000
Initial operating losses: $0 (since it is not a cost directly related to the acquisition or preparation of the plant)
Estimated costs of dismantling at the end of useful life (PV): $27,020
Now, let's calculate the total cost to be capitalized/recognized to the plant account by summing up the relevant costs:
Total cost = Purchase price + Import duties + Installation cost + Admin costs + Staff training + Advertising costs + Estimated dismantling costs
Total cost = $570,000 + $100,000 + $45,000 + $10,000 + $10,980 + $35,000 + $27,020
Total cost = $797,000
Therefore, the cost to be capitalized/recognized to the plant account is $797,000.
It's important to note that only costs directly attributable to the acquisition, installation, and preparation of the plant for its intended use are capitalized. Costs that are not directly related to these activities, such as staff parties or initial operating losses, are typically expensed as incurred.
Additionally, the costs stated above are exclusive of VAT, as the company is a registered VAT vendor.
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. Dec.31.2021 $351,000 72,000 81,000 31,500 0 166.500 (63.000) Ma Total Asse L & Steckholders Equity Anot payable $ 76,500 Honds payable (lang-tum) 166.500 Common Stock 180,000 Retained Earnings 216.0
As of December 31, 2021, the company's total assets are [tex]\$351,000[/tex], total liabilities are $[tex]319,500[/tex], and total shareholders' equity is [tex]\$396,000[/tex], resulting in a total liabilities and shareholders' equity of [tex]\$715,500[/tex].
The company's balance sheet as of December 31, 2021, shows total assets of $351,000. Current liabilities include accounts payable of $72,000 and notes payable of [tex]\$81,000[/tex], totaling [tex]\$153,000[/tex]. Long-term liabilities consist of bonds payable amounting to $166,500, resulting in total liabilities of [tex]\$319,500.[/tex] Shareholders' equity comprises common stock valued at $180,000 and retained earnings of [tex]\$216,000[/tex], totaling [tex]\$396,000[/tex]. Consequently, the total liabilities and shareholders' equity amount to $715,500.In conclusion, as of December 31, 2021, the company has [tex]\$351,000[/tex] in total assets, [tex]\$319,500[/tex] in total liabilities, and [tex]\$396,000[/tex] in total shareholders' equity, resulting in a total liabilities and shareholders' equity of $715,500.
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Question 16 Cash withdrawals by a partner are increasing his/her capital account. True O False
Cash withdrawals by a partner would decrease, not increase, their capital account in a partnership. Therefore, the given statement is false.
Cash withdrawals by a partner would decrease, not increase, their capital account in a partnership.When a partner withdraws cash from their capital account, it is treated as a reduction of their ownership interest in the partnership. The capital account represents the partner's equity or investment in the business. Any cash withdrawals are considered distributions of profits or a return of the partner's capital investment.By withdrawing cash, the partner is essentially taking money out of the business for personal use, which reduces their capital account. The partner's share of ownership in the partnership decreases, as does their financial stake in the business.It is important to note that capital contributions by partners increase their capital accounts, while withdrawals decrease them.Therefore, the given statement is false.For more such questions on Cash withdrawals:
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:
A firm uses a serial assembly system and needs answers to the following: a. An output of 900 units per shift (9.50 hours) is desired for a new processing system. The system requires product to pass through four stations where the work content at each station is 35 seconds. What is the required cycle time for such a system? (Round your answer to the nearest whole number.)
The required cycle time for the serial assembly system to achieve an output of 900 units per shift (9.50 hours) is 150 seconds.
Cycle time is defined as the duration it takes to complete one unit of a process. It can be calculated as the ratio of productive time to the desired output rate. In this case, the output rate is 900 units per shift, and the productive time is 9.50 hours or 570 minutes. Four stations are involved in this assembly system, and the work content of each station is 35 seconds.
Therefore, the total work content is 35 x 4 = 140 seconds. Cycle time can be calculated using the formula: Cycle time = (Productive time per shift x 60)/Output rate per shift Cycle time = (570 x 60)/900Cycle time = 38 seconds Therefore, the total cycle time for the assembly system is 38 seconds.
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On December 1, 2019, Aidan Co. purchased a tract of land as a factory site for $780,000. The old building on the property was razed, and salvaged materials resulting from demolition were sold. Additional costs incurred and salvage proceeds realized during December 2019 were as follows: Cost to remove old building $70,000 Legal fees for purchases contract and to record 10,000 ownership Title guarantee insurance Proceeds from sale of salvaged materials In Aidan Co.'s December 31, 2019 balance sheet, what amount should be reported as land? $866,000. 16,000 10,000 $806,000. 4 Cost to remove old building $70,000 Legal fees for purchases contract and to record 10,000 ownership Title guarantee insurance Proceeds from sale of salvaged materials In Aidan Co.'s December 31, 2019 balance sheet, what amount should be reported as land? $866,000. $806,000. $868,000. 16,000 10,000 $842,000.
The answer is $866,000 is the amount should be reported as land
How to solve the amount should be reported as landThe value of the land on the balance sheet should include all costs related to acquiring the land and preparing it for its intended use, less any recoveries or salvage from the old building.
Land purchased = $780,000
we have to Add: Cost to remove old building $70,000
we have to Add: Legal fees for purchases contract and to record ownership $10,000
we have to Add: Title guarantee insurance $16,000
we have to Less : Proceeds from sale of salvaged material ($10,000)
Total $866,000
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Which of the following is wrong about production order and a planned order?
a. A planned order provides information that is copied into the production order b. A planned order is the first step in the production process and a production order are planned orders converted in production c. A production order can be created without a planned order d. A production order is the first step in the production process and a planned order is the first step in the forecast process
The production order receives information from a scheduled order. Production orders are changed from planned orders for items that will be manufactured on-site.
For internal production and for external procurement, planned orders are transformed into buy requisitions and production orders, respectively. Production orders and buy requisitions, in contrast to planned orders, are considered fixed receipt elements because they commit to the purchase.
During planning, a planned order is a manual or automatic buy request that is later transformed into a purchase requisition or a production order. Both SAP S/4HANA and IBP are capable of producing planned orders.
Based on the information at hand, a planned production order is the best projection of the upcoming workload for the work center or machine center. They can be manually produced, although they are typically produced by planning.
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Which of the following is not disclosed on the Statement of Shareholders' Equity?
A. Retained earnings
B. Contributed capital
C. Total liabilities
D. Common stock
The information about total liabilities is not disclosed on the Statement of Shareholders' Equity. Therefore, option C is correct.
The Statement of Shareholders' Equity provides information about the changes in the equity section of a company's balance sheet over a specific period. It typically includes details about components such as retained earnings, contributed capital, common stock, and other equity accounts. However, it does not disclose information about total liabilities.
Retained earnings represent the accumulated profits or losses of a company that have been retained for reinvestment into the business rather than distributed to shareholders as dividends. This account reflects the net income or net loss generated by the company over time.
Contributed capital refers to the funds that shareholders have invested in the company in exchange for ownership shares. It includes the proceeds from issuing common stock or preferred stock.
Common stock represents the ownership interest in a company held by common shareholders. It represents the par value or stated value of the shares issued.
However, the Statement of Shareholders' Equity does not include information about total liabilities. Total liabilities are recorded on the balance sheet and represent the company's obligations or debts, such as loans, accounts payable, and other liabilities.
This statement focuses on the changes in equity accounts, such as retained earnings, contributed capital, and common stock. Total liabilities are reported on the balance sheet, which provides a snapshot of a company's financial position at a specific point in time.
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Suppose that you hold a portfolio with the following exposures to the interest rates movements (change in portfolio value in $ millions, for a 1 basis point (bp) rate move): 1-year rate: +10, 2-year rate: +4, 3-year rate: -8, 4-year rate: -7, 5-year rate: +2. . • . . You conduct a Principal Component analysis (PCA) and find the following: The first factor (Principal Component, PC 1) has the following loadings for the Treasury rates: 1-year rate: 0.32, 2-year rate: 0.35, 3-year rate: 0.36, 4-year rate: 0.35, 5-year rate: 0.36. The second factor (Principal Component, PC 2) has the following loadings for the Treasury rates: 1-year rate: -0.32, 2-year rate: -0.10, 3-year rate: 0.02, 4-year rate: 0.14, 5-year rate: 0.17. The Standard Deviations of the factors are 17.49 for PC1 and 6.05 for PC2. • Only two factors (PC1 and PC2) are sufficient in explaining the variations in returns. . Using the information above, calculate the 1-day 99% Value-at-Risk (VaR) of your portfolio.
The 1-day 99% Value-at-Risk (VaR) of the portfolio is $2.78m.
Value-at-Risk (VaR) is a well-known risk metric that allows us to measure the potential loss in value of a portfolio at a certain confidence level over a specified period. We will use this to calculate the 1-day 99% Value-at-Risk (VaR) of the portfolio. Below is the calculation for 1-day 99% Value-at-Risk (VaR) of the portfolio using the given details: VaR = (z-score) x portfolio value x volatility of the portfolio where, z-score = 2.33 (from standard normal distribution)
Portfolio value = $100 million
Volatility of the portfolio is the square root of the variance, which is the sum of the product of the squared exposures and the variances of each factor (PC1 and PC2). Using the loadings of the portfolio and the factors, we can obtain the portfolio factor exposures. Factor exposures are determined by the loadings, as we multiply each rate by the corresponding loading for each factor. We must then square the result to obtain the squared exposure for each rate. The table below shows the resulting factor exposures and variances for PC1 and PC2.
Based on the formula for portfolio variance, the portfolio's variance is the sum of the variances multiplied by the squared exposures and the product of the exposures multiplied by the covariances. After that, take the square root of the variance to get the volatility.
Volatility of the portfolio = sqrt{ [ (0.32^2 x 17.49^2) + (-0.32^2 x 6.05^2) ] + [ (0.35^2 x 17.49^2) + (-0.10^2 x 6.05^2) ] + [ (0.36^2 x 17.49^2) + (0.02^2 x 6.05^2) ] + [ (0.35^2 x 17.49^2) + (0.14^2 x 6.05^2) ] + [ (0.36^2 x 17.49^2) + (0.17^2 x 6.05^2) ] }Volatility of the portfolio = 11.94
Now we can substitute all values in the VaR formulaVaR = 2.33 x $100m x 11.94VaR = $2.78m
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CP 3-1
The preparation of adjusting entries requires a debit entry to one account and a credit entry to another account.
A B
a. Expense 1. Commissions Earned
b. ned 2. Supplies Expense
c. Rent 3. Salaries Expense
d. 4. Unearned Fees
e. Receivable 5. Accumulated Depreciation
f. Earned 6. Rent Expense
g. Supplies 7. Prepaid Insurance
h. Commissions 8. Interest Earned
Revenue
i. 9. Interest Expense
j. on Expense 10. Unearned Rent
Required: Match each account in column A with the appropriate account in column B.
Adjusting entries are journal entries made at the end of an accounting period to ensure that the financial statements accurately reflect the company's financial position and operating results.
Here are the matches between the accounts in column A and the appropriate accounts in column B for the preparation of adjusting entries:
a. Expense - 2. Supplies Expense
b. Revenue - 1. Commissions Earned
c. Expense - 6. Rent Expense
d. Unearned Fees - 10. Unearned Rent
e. Receivable - 5. Accumulated Depreciation
f. Expense - 7. Prepaid Insurance
g. Supplies - 2. Supplies Expense
h. Revenue - 8. Interest Earned
i. Expense - 9. Interest Expense
j. Revenue - 4. Unearned Fees
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the budget which shows predicted amounts of the company's assets, liabilities, and equity as of the end of the budget period is the:
The budget that shows predicted amounts of a company's assets, liabilities, and equity as of the end of the budget period is called the "budgeted balance sheet."
The budgeted balance sheet is a financial statement that provides an estimate of a company's financial position at a specific point in the future. It outlines the expected amounts of assets (such as cash, inventory, property), liabilities (such as loans, accounts payable), and equity (including retained earnings and contributed capital) based on the company's projected operations, investments, and financing activities. By preparing a budgeted balance sheet, companies can assess their expected financial position, plan for future capital needs, evaluate solvency, and make informed decisions regarding resource allocation and financial management.
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Unilever Company Ltd issues a 6.80% coupon rate per year with annual payments that has a four years period to maturity. Determine the price of its bond today, round to the nearest dollar, if current yearly yield to maturity is 5.35 %.
The price of the bond today, rounded to the nearest dollar, is approximately $1,061.
The annual coupon payment is 6.80% of the face value of the bond. Let's assume the face value is $1,000. Therefore, the annual coupon payment would be 0.068 * $1,000 = $68.
The yield to maturity is 5.35%. To calculate the present value of the bond, we discount the future cash flows (coupon payments and face value) using the yield to maturity rate.
For a four-year bond, we discount the $68 coupon payment for each year. Using the present value formula, we calculate the present value of each coupon payment:
Year 1: $68 / (1 + 0.0535) = $64.48
Year 2: $68 / (1 + 0.0535)^2 = $61.07
Year 3: $68 / (1 + 0.0535)^3 = $57.90
Year 4: $68 / (1 + 0.0535)^4 = $54.95
At the end of the fourth year, the bond matures and pays the face value of $1,000. To calculate the present value of the face value, we discount it back to the present:
$1,000 / (1 + 0.0535)^4 = $822.70
Finally, we sum up the present values of the coupon payments and the face value to get the price of the bond today:
Price of bond = $64.48 + $61.07 + $57.90 + $54.95 + $822.70 = $1,061.10
Therefore, the price of the bond today, rounded to the nearest dollar, would be $1,061.
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You are considering three potential stock investments. Stock X is a blue-chip stock issued by a company with $12 billion in marketing capitalization. Its dividend yield has been about 6 percent per year for several years, but its price hasn't appreciated much. It has a P/E ratio of 8. Stock Y has a $3 billion market cap, pays a very small dividend, and has seen an average annual appreciation of 15 percent over the last several years. Its P/E ratio is 14. Stock Z has a $500 million market cap and pays no dividend. Although it has yet to show a profit since it went public three years ago, its price has increased 25 percent per year in the last two years.
d. Stock X is a(n) _______ investment (growth, income, or growth and income) ANSWERED
e. Stock Y is a(n) _______ investment (growth, income, or growth and income) ANSWERED
f. Stock Z is a(n) _______ investment (growth, income, or growth and income) ANSWERED
g. Classify each of the companies as income or growth, if applicable ANSWERED
h. If you're an aggressive stock investor, which stock would be most appropriate for you, and why? ANSWERED
i. If you're a conservative stock investor, which stock would be most appropriate for you, and why?ANSWERED
j. If you have a five-time horizon for achieving your investment objectives, would any of these investments be appropriate? Explain.
Stock X can be classified as an income stock because it has a dividend yield of 6%, which means that it pays out a dividend to its shareholders regularly.
Stock Y is a growth stock because its price has appreciated by 15% per year over the last few years and the company has a small dividend yield.
Finally, Stock Z is a growth stock because its price has increased by 25% per year over the last two years, but it pays no dividends.
j) If you have a five-year horizon for achieving your investment objectives, Stock Y may be appropriate investments.
Stock Y has seen an average annual appreciation of 15 percent over the last several years, which is a strong growth rate, and has a P/E ratio of 14. Therefore, it can be classified as a growth stock.
Stock Z is also a growth stock, but it has yet to show a profit since it went public three years ago, and its market cap is $500 million. However, if you are a conservative investor, none of these stocks may be suitable for you.
Stock X is a blue-chip stock that has a dividend yield of 6% per year and a P/E ratio of 8, making it an income stock. However, its price hasn't appreciated much, which may not make it an ideal choice for a conservative investor. Therefore, if you're a conservative investor, you may want to consider other options.
So, Stock Y may be the appropriate investment.
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Decision making is the process of identifying and choosing alternative courses of action. While we want to make rational decisions, sometimes we don't—sometimes we make non-rational decisions. There are four steps in rational decision-making: Recognize and define the problem or opportunity. In business, the problem can come in the form of customer complaints, supplier breakdowns, staff turnover, sales decline, and so on. Organizations proactively seek opportunities to exceed goals, surpass the industry expectations, and to expand and grow the business. Identify and analyze alternative courses of action. Leaders should seek input from multiple sources to interpret and analyze the problem/opportunity to come up with as many options as possible to solve the issue. Choose a preferred course of action. The group want to answer the following: Is the action ethical? Is it feasible? (Costs, technology availability.) Is it effective? If your answer to this question is the resolution is "good enough," you want to rethink this solution—it will cause more harm than good. Implement the preferred course of action. You need to the participation from all teams to successfully implement the action. On the other hand, non-rational decisions are generally the result of either satisficing (going with the first available option without much research) or intuition (using your "gut" or just your own feelings to make decisions).
The process of decision-making involves identifying and selecting alternative courses of action. While the goal is to make rational decisions, sometimes non-rational decisions are made. Rational decision-making typically consists of four steps: Recognizing and defining the problem or opportunity: Businesses encounter problems or opportunities such as customer complaints, supplier issues, declining sales, or staff turnover. Seeking opportunities to exceed goals and expand the business is also important.
Identifying and analyzing alternative courses of action: Leaders gather input from various sources to interpret and analyze the problem or opportunity, generating multiple options to address the issue.
Each alternative is carefully considered and evaluated.
Choosing a preferred course of action: The selected action should be ethical, feasible in terms of costs and available technology, and effective in resolving the problem.
If the solution is deemed "good enough," it may need to be reconsidered to avoid causing more harm than good.
Implementing the preferred course of action: Successful implementation requires the participation and cooperation of all teams involved.
On the other hand, non-rational decisions often result from satisficing (choosing the first available option without thorough research) or relying on intuition or personal feelings to make decisions.
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A small company, Stevens Textile Co. is expanding its operations and needs additional financing to support its expansion projects. The company is planning to change its business registration from a limited liability company to a corporation. As a corporation it will be listed on the stock exchange market and sell shares to the public to raise capital from investors. The business will be managed by professional executives who are not owners of the corporation.
1.Explain agency relationship and agency costs to the owners of Stevens Textile Co.
2.Suppose Stevens Textile company is very successful and the founders’ cash out most of their stock and turn the company over to an elected board of directors. Neither the founders nor any other stockholders own a controlling interest (this is the situation in most public companies). List six potential managerial behaviors that can harm a firm’s value.
3. What is corporate governance? List five corporate governance provisions that are internal to a firm and under its control.
4. Stevens Textile Co. might want to reduce the conflict of interest that may arise between corporate executives and shareholders by electing board of directors to oversee the activities of the corporate executives. Identify five characteristics of the board of directors that usually lead to effective corporate governance.
1. Agency relationship refers to a situation where one party (the principal) delegates decision-making authority to another party (the agent) to act on their behalf. In the case of Stevens Textile Co., the owners (principals) are delegating authority to professional executives (agents) to manage the company. Agency costs are the potential costs incurred by the owners to mitigate conflicts of interest and ensure that the agents act in the best interest of the owners. These costs can include monitoring expenses, performance incentives, and potential conflicts between the goals of the agents and the owners.
2. Six potential managerial behaviors that can harm a firm's value are:
a. Excessive executive compensation without corresponding performance.b. Pursuing personal interests at the expense of shareholders' interests.c. Engaging in fraudulent or unethical practices.d. Inefficient capital allocation or poor investment decisions.e. Lack of transparency and disclosure, hiding information from shareholders.f. Failing to properly manage risks and exposing the company to unnecessary losses.3. Corporate governance refers to the system of rules, practices, and processes by which a company is directed and controlled. It encompasses the relationships between shareholders, management, and other stakeholders, and aims to ensure transparency, accountability, and ethical behavior in the company's operations. Five internal corporate governance provisions are:
a. Code of ethics and conduct.b. Board of directors' oversight and independence.c. Internal control systems and risk management practices.d. Compensation policies aligned with company performance and shareholder interests.e. Regular financial reporting and disclosure of information to shareholders.4. Five characteristics of the board of directors that usually lead to effective corporate governance are:
a. Independence: Directors who are free from conflicts of interest and can make unbiased decisions.b. Expertise and diversity: Board members with diverse backgrounds and expertise relevant to the company's industry and challenges.c. Accountability: Directors who are accountable to shareholders and act in their best interests.d. Active engagement: Directors who actively participate in board meetings, ask critical questions, and challenge management decisions when necessary.e. Long-term perspective: Directors who focus on the company's long-term sustainability and value creation, rather than short-term gains.About GovernanceGovernance is a process of interaction through laws, norms, power, or the language of society that is organized through social systems. This is done by a country's government, market, or network.
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Which of the following is a growth-related KSA (knowledge, skill, ability)? A. Team-selling skills. B. None of these are growth related KSAs. C. Territory management skills. D. Coping strategies. E. Learning orientation skills
The growth-related KSA (knowledge, skill, ability) among the given options is E. Learning orientation skills. Learning orientation refers to an individual's inclination and ability to engage in continuous learning, acquire new knowledge, and adapt to changing circumstances. It reflects a growth mindset and the willingness to develop one's skills and capabilities.
Learning orientation skills are essential in a dynamic and evolving work environment, as they enable individuals to stay updated with industry trends, acquire new knowledge and expertise, and enhance their professional growth. Employees with strong learning orientation skills are more likely to seek out new challenges, explore innovative solutions, and adapt to changing job requirements.
By actively seeking opportunities for learning and development, individuals with a learning orientation can expand their knowledge base, improve their skills, and contribute more effectively to their organizations. They are open to feedback, receptive to new ideas, and demonstrate a willingness to take on new responsibilities.
On the other hand, options A, C, and D (team-selling skills, territory management skills, and coping strategies) may be important in specific job contexts and contribute to overall job performance but are not specifically indicative of growth-related KSAs.
Option B states that none of the options are growth-related KSAs, which is not accurate as learning orientation skills are recognized as growth-related KSAs.
In summary, learning orientation skills are growth-related KSAs that foster continuous learning, adaptability, and professional development, enabling individuals to thrive in dynamic work environments and contribute to organizational growth and success.
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In a two-period model, suppose that a consumer's utility function is: U(C₁, C₂) log(c₁) + log(c₂) where c₁, c2₂ are the consumption of a good (orange) in the two periods. Let the endowment real income in the two periods be 2, 1 respectively. The real interest rate is unknown and is to be determined in the equilibrium. Assume that all consumers are identical. ** Part a (5 marks) Solve the demand for c₁ given any real interest rate r. ** Part b (10 marks) Find the level of the real interest rate such that the market clears in Period 1.
A) c₁ = 1, B) level of the real interest rate such that the market clears in Period 1 is can not be determines as it will require data about previously taken principle and no of time period.
In a two-period model, suppose that a consumer's utility function is: U(C₁, C₂) = log(c₁) + log(c₂) where c₁, c₂ are the consumption of a good (orange) in the two periods. Let the endowment real income in the two periods be 2, 1 respectively.
The real interest rate is unknown and is to be determined in the equilibrium. Assume that all consumers are identical.
Part a The demand for c₁ can be found by maximizing the consumer's utility function subject to the budget constraint. The budget constraint can be represented as: 2c₁ + c₂/ (1+r) = p₁c₁ + p₂c₂/ (1+r) where, p₁ and p₂ are the prices of the good in each period and r is the interest rate.
The Lagrangian of the problem is : L = log(c₁) + log(c₂) - λ (2c₁ + c₂/(1+r) - p₁c₁ - p₂c₂/(1+r))Taking the derivative of L with respect to c₁ and c₂ and setting equal to zero gives : 1/c₁ - λ(2 - p₁) = 0... (i)1/c₂ - λ(1/(1+r) - p₂/(1+r)) = 0... (ii)
From the budget constraint, we can find c₂:c₂ = (2c₁ - p₁c₁)/(p₂/(1+r) - 1)... (iii)Substituting (iii) into (ii), we get:1/c₂ - λ(1/(1+r) - p₂/(1+r)) = 0=> λ = (1+r)/(p₂ - (1+r)) * c₂... (iv) Substituting (i) and (iv) into (iii), we can find the demand for c₁:c₁ = (p₂ + (1+r)p₁)/(3p₁ + p₂ + (1+r)p₂)... (v)Part bIn period 1, we have:2c₁ + c₂/(1+r) = 2p₁... (vi)
Simplifying the equation:
2 - 2c₂(1 + r) = 0
c₂(1 + r) = 1
c₂ = 1/(1 + r)
Substituting this back into the equation c₁ = c₂(1 + r), we have:
c₁ = (1/(1 + r))(1 + r), c₁ = 1
From (v), we can substitute c₁ and c₂ into (vi) and solve for r: 2[(p₂ + (1+r)p₁)/(3p₁ + p₂ + (1+r)p₂)] + (1/(1+r))[(2 - (3p₁ + p₂ + (1+r)p₂) /(p₂ + (1+r)p₁))(p₂ + (1+r)p₁) /(3p₁ + p₂ + (1+r)p₂)] = 2p₁ This can be solved numerically to find the value of r that clears the market with number of years and principle
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You work for a cellphone manufacturing company that has developed a new product. The new cellphone production will last for 9 years. You expect that sales from the new product will generate cash flows of $19.8 million from the first year and that this amount will grow at a rate of 2.4% per year for the next 9 years. If the cost of capital is 9.7% per year, what is the present value of producing this cellphone? Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
The present value of producing this cellphone is approximately $128 million (rounded to the nearest whole number).Hence, the answer is $128 million.
The calculation of present value involves the determination of the value of a cash inflow or a series of cash inflows or outflows at the present point in time.
The objective of using present value analysis is to determine the financial soundness of an investment opportunity. A cash flow stream is a sequence of income and expense payments that take place over time.
The present value of a cash flow stream is the value today of the cash inflows and outflows that will take place in the future. The formula to calculate the present value of a cash flow stream is: Pv = c1/(1+r)1+c2/(1+r)2+c3/(1+r)3+…+c n/(1+r)nwhere,c1, c2, c3… c n = the cash inflows and outflows in years 1, 2, 3, …n, respectively. r = discount rate, and n = the number of years The present value of the cash flow stream from the project would be the summation of the present value of the cash flow in each of the 9 years.
Therefore, the present value can be calculated using the formula: Pv = ∑ (Ct/(1+r)t) where t = 0 to n. Calculation of present value: Given, Cash flow in year 1 (C1) = $19.8 million Expected growth rate (g) = 2.4%Cost of capital (r) = 9.7%Number of years (n) = 9
Using the formula above, we can find the present value of the cellphone production: Pv = $19.8 million/(1 + 9.7%)1 + $19.8 million*(1 + 2.4%)/(1 + 9.7%)2 + $19.8 million*(1 + 2.4%)2/(1 + 9.7%)3 + …+ $19.8 million*(1 + 2.4%)9/(1 + 9.7%)9= $128,425,923.
Therefore, the present value of producing this cellphone is approximately $128 million (rounded to the nearest whole number).Hence, the answer is $128 million.
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Which of the following consumer credit acts examines lenders' practices regarding race, religion, national origin, color, gender, marital status, or age? a) Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA). b) Truth-in-Lending Act (TILA). c) Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA). d) Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA).
The consumer credit acts examines lenders' practices regarding race, religion, national origin, color, gender, marital status, or age that is option c) Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA).
The consumer credit act that examines lenders' practices regarding race, religion, national origin, color, gender, marital status, or age is the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA). The ECOA is a federal law that prohibits discrimination by lenders based on the aforementioned factors. It ensures that consumers are not denied credit or subjected to unfavorable credit terms due to their protected characteristics. The ECOA requires lenders to provide equal access to credit opportunities and prohibits them from considering discriminatory factors in the credit application process.
The correct answer is option c) Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA). The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) regulates debt collection practices, the Truth-in-Lending Act (TILA) focuses on providing consumers with accurate credit and loan information, and the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) governs the collection, use, and disclosure of consumer credit information. However, it is the ECOA that specifically addresses lenders' practices related to discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, color, gender, marital status, or age.
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Which of the following costs would be needed in order to calculate the economic order quantity? i. The cost of storing materials ii. The cost of interest incurred in financing materials iii. The cost of ordering materials iv. The cost of insuring materials Item (i) and (ii) only O Items (iii)) and (iv) only Item (i), (iii) and (iv) only O All of them
In order to calculate the economic order quantity (EOQ), the cost of storing materials, the cost of ordering materials and the cost of insuring materials are the costs that would be required to calculate the EOQ (option (i), (iii) and (iv))
What is economic order quantity?
Economic order quantity (EOQ) is a quantitative approach to inventory management. The economic order quantity (EOQ) model is used to calculate the optimal quantity of a product that a company should order in order to minimize the cost of holding and ordering inventory over time. The economic order quantity (EOQ) model is used to determine the optimal quantity of inventory to order, as well as when to order it, in order to minimize holding and ordering costs.
Therefore, the correct option is Item (i), (iii) and (iv) only.
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Assume the following: Purchases of raw materials Beginning raw materials inventory Ending raw materials inventory Direct materials used in production $38,000 $10,000 $14,000 $28,200 What was the amount of indirect materials used in production? Multiple Choice $13.800 $7,800 $5.800 $9.800
The amount of indirect materials used in production is $5,800. To calculate the amount of indirect materials used in production, we need to subtract the direct materials used in production from the total raw materials used.
In this case, the direct materials used in production is given as $28,200. Total raw materials used can be calculated by adding the beginning raw materials inventory to the purchases of raw materials and then subtracting the ending raw materials inventory. Using the provided values, the total raw materials used is $38,000 + $10,000 - $14,000 = $34,000.
Now, subtracting the direct materials used in production ($28,200) from the total raw materials used ($34,000) gives us the amount of indirect materials used in production, which is $34,000 - $28,200 = $5,800.
Therefore, the correct answer is $5,800, as none of the provided options matches the calculated amount of indirect materials used in production.
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Assume a corporation has earnings before depreciation and taxes of $85,000, depreciation of $25,000, and that it has a 30% combined tax bracket. What are the after-tax cash flows for the company? Multiple Choice . $67,000 . $61,800 . $71,600 . $70,800
To calculate the after-tax cash flows for the company, we need to subtract the tax expense from the earnings before depreciation and taxes (EBDT). The tax expense can be calculated by multiplying the EBDT by the tax rate.
Given:
EBDT = $85,000
Depreciation = $25,000
Tax rate = 30%
First, we need to calculate the taxable income by subtracting the depreciation expense from the EBDT:
Taxable Income = EBDT - Depreciation
Taxable Income = $85,000 - $25,000
Taxable Income = $60,000
Next, we calculate the tax expense by multiplying the taxable income by the tax rate:
Tax Expense = Taxable Income × Tax Rate
Tax Expense = $60,000 × 0.30
Tax Expense = $18,000
Finally, we can calculate the after-tax cash flows by subtracting the tax expense from the EBDT:
After-Tax Cash Flows = EBDT - Tax Expense
After-Tax Cash Flows = $85,000 - $18,000
After-Tax Cash Flows = $67,000
Therefore, the after-tax cash flows for the company are $67,000. The correct answer is option a) $67,000.
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Cube Ice Company received a 120-day, 6% note for $36,000, dated April 9, from a customer on account. Assume 360 days in a year.
a. Determine the due date of the note.
b. Determine the maturity value of the note.
c. Journalize the entry to record the receipt of the payment of the note at maturity. If an amount box does not require an entry, leave it blank.
a. Due date: The due date of the note is August 7.
b. Maturity value: The maturity value of the note is $36,720.
c. Journal entry:
Debit: Cash $36,720
Credit: Notes Receivable $36,000
Credit: Interest Revenue $720
a. The due date of the note can be calculated as follows:
April 9 + 120 days = August 7
the due date of the note is August 7.
b. The maturity value of the note can be calculated using the following formula:
Maturity Value = Principal + (Principal x Interest Rate x Time)
Where:
Principal = $36,000
Interest Rate = 6%
Time = 120/360 (since there are 360 days in a year)
Maturity Value = $36,000 + ($36,000 x 6% x 120/360)
Maturity Value = $36,720
Therefore, the maturity value of the note is $36,720.
c. The company receives cash for the full amount of the note plus interest. The Notes Receivable account is credited for the principal amount of the note, and the Interest Revenue account is credited for the interest earned on the note.
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business entity does not involve a majority voting stock interest or direct ownership of assets statutory consolidation
variable interest entity (VIE) statutory merger. control without dissolution
A variable interest entity (VIE) is a type of legal structure commonly used in business accounting that allows a company to consolidate the financial results of another entity.
Even when it does not have a majority voting interest or direct ownership of assets. It is a business entity that is used to hold an investment and is not under the direct control of the company that owns it. In other words, a VIE is a business entity that is created to hold an investment that is not under the direct control of the company that owns it. The company that owns the VIE is known as the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary has a controlling financial interest in the VIE and therefore must consolidate the financial results of the VIE with its own financial statements. This consolidation allows the primary beneficiary to reflect the economic substance of its involvement with the VIE, even though it may not have direct control of the VIE. Statutory consolidation, on the other hand, is a type of corporate restructuring that combines two or more companies into a single entity. In this type of consolidation, the companies that are being combined must be under common control. This means that one company must have a majority voting interest in the other companies or direct ownership of the assets of the other companies. A statutory merger is a type of corporate restructuring that involves the merger of two or more companies into a single entity. In this type of merger, one company is absorbed into another company. The shareholders of the absorbed company receive cash or stock in the surviving company as compensation for their shares. Control without dissolution is a type of corporate restructuring that allows a company to gain control over another company without having to dissolve or merge the two companies. This type of control is typically achieved through the purchase of a controlling interest in the target company's stock. A variable interest entity (VIE) is a legal business structure that allows a company to consolidate the financial results of another entity, even without having a majority voting interest or direct ownership of assets. VIE is a business entity used to hold an investment that is not under the direct control of the company that owns it. The primary beneficiary has a controlling financial interest in the VIE and must consolidate the financial results of the VIE with its financial statements. This consolidation allows the primary beneficiary to reflect the economic substance of its involvement with the VIE, even though it may not have direct control of the VIE.Statutory consolidation involves the combination of two or more companies into a single entity through corporate restructuring. The companies being combined must be under common control, meaning that one company must have a majority voting interest in the other or direct ownership of the assets of the other companies. A statutory merger is a type of corporate restructuring that involves the merger of two or more companies into a single entity. One company is absorbed into another company, and the shareholders of the absorbed company receive cash or stock in the surviving company as compensation for their shares. Control without dissolution is a type of corporate restructuring that allows a company to gain control over another company without dissolving or merging the two companies. This type of control is typically achieved through the purchase of a controlling interest in the target company's stock.
The variable interest entity is an important structure for companies, as it allows them to consolidate financial statements of entities over which they have significant control even without direct ownership. In contrast, statutory consolidation, statutory merger, and control without dissolution allow companies to restructure and combine entities under different circumstances.
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please give short simple
answers! will give thumbs up
Assume that, according to the most recent CPS Survey, there are 208 million people in the civilian population. 52 million people are not in the labor force and 14 million people are unemployed. Based
Out of the 208 million civilian population, 52 million are not in the labor force, and 14 million are unemployed.
Out of the total civilian population of 208 million, 52 million individuals are not in the labor force, meaning they are neither employed nor actively seeking employment. This could include individuals who are retired, students, homemakers, or those who have chosen not to participate in the labor market for various reasons.
On the other hand, there are 14 million individuals who are classified as unemployed. These individuals are actively seeking employment but have not been able to find suitable jobs. They are part of the labor force and contribute to the unemployment rate.
It is important to note that the labor force includes both employed individuals and those actively seeking employment. The unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by the total labor force, which includes both employed and unemployed individuals.
These figures from the CPS Survey provide valuable insights into the labor market dynamics and help policymakers and economists assess the overall health of the economy and make informed decisions regarding employment policies and programs.
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1. What is the decentralization level governance structure of
major stablecoins?
2. Who decides on the monetary policy? Who decides on how much
to mint that stablecoin?
3. What is the collateralizatio
1. The decentralization level governance structure of major stablecoins varies between each stablecoin.
2. The monetary policy is decided by the entity.
3. The collateralization mechanism and reserve structure of stablecoins can vary significantly depending on the specific stablecoin.
1. The decentralization level governance structure of major stablecoins varies between each stablecoin. Some stablecoins, like Tether (USDT), are fully centralized with a single entity responsible for issuing and redeeming the stablecoin. Others, like Dai, are fully decentralized with a community of users governing the stablecoin through a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO). Most stablecoins fall somewhere in between these two extremes, with a mix of centralized and decentralized components in their governance structure.
2. The entity responsible for issuing the stablecoin decides on the monetary policy and how much to mint that stablecoin. For example, the issuer of USDT, Tether Limited, decides how much USDT to mint based on market demand and other factors.
3. The collateralization mechanism and reserve structure of each stablecoin also varies. Some stablecoins, like USDT, are backed 1 on 1 by USD reserves held by the issuer. Other stablecoins, like Dai, are over-collateralized by other crypto assets held in a smart contract. Still, other stablecoins use a mix of reserves, such as USD, bonds, and utilities, to collateralize their stablecoin. It's important to research each stablecoin's specific reserve structure to understand the level of collateralization.
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Zolezzi Incorporated is preparing its cash budget for March. The budgeted beginning cash balance is $23,000. Budgeted cash receipts total $114,000 and budgeted cash disbursements total $89,000. The de
Based on the provided information, let's prepare Zolezzi Inc.'s cash budget for March:
Cash Budget for March:
Beginning Cash Balance: $23,000
Add: Cash Receipts: $114,000
Total Cash Available: $137,000
Less: Cash Disbursements: $89,000
Excess (Deficiency) of Cash Available over Disbursements: $48,000
Borrowings (if needed):
To reach the desired ending cash balance of $65,000, the company will need to borrow an amount equal to the deficiency.
Ending Cash Balance: $65,000
Based on the calculation, the cash budget for March would be as follows:
Beginning Cash Balance: $23,000
Cash Receipts: $114,000
Total Cash Available: $137,000
Cash Disbursements: $89,000
Excess (Deficiency) of Cash Available over Disbursements: $48,000
Borrowings (if needed): $48,000
Ending Cash Balance: $65,000
Therefore, Zolezzi Inc. would need to borrow $48,000 in order to attain the desired ending cash balance of $65,000.
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Zolezzi Inc. is preparing its cash budget for March. The budgeted beginning cash balance is $23,000. Budgeted cash receipts total $114,000 and budgeted cash disbursements total $89.000. The desired ending cash balance is $65,000. The company can borrow up to $110,000 at any time from a local bank, with interest not due until the following month.
Required:
Prepare the company's cash budget for March in good form. Make sure to indicate what borrowing, if any, would be needed to attain the desired ending cash balance.
Beginning cash balance