To calculate the vapor composition of a solution, we can use Raoult's law, which states that the vapor pressure of a component in an ideal solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction in the liquid phase.
Let's assume that the mole fraction of acetone in the liquid phase is x_acetone and the mole fraction of cyclohexane is x_cyclohexane. According to Raoult's law, the partial pressure of acetone in the vapor phase, p_acetone, is given by p_acetone = p°acetone * x_acetone, where p°acetone is the vapor pressure of pure acetone.
Similarly, the partial pressure of cyclohexane in the vapor phase, p_cyclohexane, is given by p_cyclohexane = p°cyclohexane * x_cyclohexane, where p°cyclohexane is the vapor pressure of pure cyclohexane.
Since the total pressure above the solution is the sum of the partial pressures, we have: p_total = p_acetone + p_cyclohexane.
Now, let's solve the equations using the given values:
p°acetone = 229.5 torr
p°cyclohexane = 97.6 torr
We can rearrange the equations to find x_acetone and x_cyclohexane:
x_acetone = p_acetone / p°acetone
x_cyclohexane = p_cyclohexane / p°cyclohexane
Substituting the equations, we get:
x_acetone = (p°acetone * x_acetone) / p°acetone
x_cyclohexane = (p°cyclohexane * x_cyclohexane) / p°cyclohexane
Simplifying, we find:
x_acetone = x_acetone
x_cyclohexane = x_cyclohexane
Therefore, the mole fractions of acetone and cyclohexane in the vapor above the solution are the same as their mole fractionsin the liquid phase.
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1. Why is the timing of tides predictable?
A. because winds are predictable
B. because the moon’s path is predictable
C. because ocean water density is predictable
D. because the sun’s movements are predictable
Answer:
Because the moon's path is predictable
Explanation:
The moon affects the tides
14. A 70 N tight rope walker is walking 20 meters above ground. About how much Gravitational Potential Energy does the performer have? 1,400 J 1,200 J 800 J
Answer:
It is 1,400 j
Explanation:
That is what i know
Answer:
1,400J
Explanation:
the formula for calculating Gravitational Potential Energy is mass×gravitational field strength×height
70×10×20=1,400
In Wittig Reaction, the reaction will be run using _____ as solvent. _______ is added to the residue to leach out your product. Your crude product is recrystallized from _______
In Wittig reaction, will be run using diethyl ether or THF as solvent. Water is used for leaching the product from the residue. Your crude product is recrystallized from ethanol.
In the Wittig reaction, the reaction is typically run using an inert solvent such as diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran (THF). Water is added to the residue to leach out the product, as the product is often water-soluble while the residue contains the byproducts and unreacted reagents.
The crude product is then recrystallized from a suitable solvent such as ethanol or methanol to obtain purified crystals. The choice of solvent for recrystallization depends on the solubility of the product and impurities.
Recrystallization is performed using solvents like ethanol or methanol to obtain purified crystals of the desired product. The choice of solvent in each step is crucial for achieving a successful and purified reaction outcome.
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The complete question is:
In Wittig Reaction, the reaction will be run using A. (hexane/methanol/no solvent) as solvent: B (Hexane/methanol/no solvent) is added to the residue to leach out your product: Your crude product is recrystallized from C (hexane/methanol/no solvent)
Methane and water react to form hydrogen and carbon monoxide, like this: CH4(g)+H20(g) → 3 H,(g) + CO(g) The reaction is endothermic. Suppose a mixture of CH4, H20, H2 and CO has come to equilibrium in a closed reaction vessel. Predict what change, if any, the perturbations in the table below will cause in the composition of the mixture in the vessel. Also decide whether the equilibrium shifts to the right or left.
Answer is given in parts
Given equation: CH4(g)+H20(g) → 3 H2(g) + CO(g)
The given reaction is endothermic. It can be predicted that if there is an increase in temperature, the equilibrium will shift to the right as an endothermic reaction will favor the forward reaction to absorb more heat. If there is a decrease in temperature, the equilibrium will shift to the left.
Perturbations Effect on the composition of mixture Effect on the equilibrium
a. Removal of CH4 Decrease Decrease in CH4 will shift the equilibrium to the right.
b. Addition of CO Increase The addition of CO will shift the equilibrium to the left as the reaction will try to use up the excess CO.
c. Increase in Pressure No effect The increase in pressure will have no effect as the total number of moles of gases is the same on both sides of the equation.
d. Increase in temperature Increase Increase in temperature will shift the equilibrium to the right as it is an endothermic reaction and will favor the forward reaction to absorb more heat.
e. Addition of H2O No effect The addition of H2O will have no effect as there is already H2O present on the reactant side and the product side.
f. Removal of CO Decrease The removal of CO will shift the equilibrium to the right as the reaction will try to replace the lost CO.
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Which are characteristics of all metals?
A
They are malleable, ductile, and conduct electricity.
B
They are malleable, ductile, and form ionic bonds.
C
They are ductile, inert, and conduct electricity.
D
They are noble, ductile, and form ionic bonds.
Answer:
A. They are malleable, ductile, and conduct electricity.
Explanation:
Answer:
a
Explanation:
TRUE OR FALSE?
It is not possible for wind can push an air parcel even higher in the troposphere, causing the parcel to cool and lose more energy, which will lead to more rainfall.
Answer:
The more water vapor in the air parcel, the more condensation can occur, and therefore, more rain. ... The air parcel then loses more energy, causing more rainfall. Wind pushes air parcels even higher in the troposphere, where it is colder. The air parcels will then lose more energy and more rain can happen.
I think is FALSE, is that right?
The percent yield for the reaction in which 15.6g of aluminum hydroxide is reacted in excess hydrogen chloride gas is 92.5%. What is the actual yield of aluminum chlorine?
Answer:
24.6 g
Explanation:
Write the formula for Zn+2 (SO4)-2
Answer:
Zn2 + SO4 = Zn2(SO4)2
Explanation:
which step in glycolysis involves the process where direct substrate phosphorylation occurs? (a) 3- phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (b) 1,3, bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate (c) fructose-6-phosphate to fructose1,6-bisphosphate (d) 3- phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
The correct option is (b) 1,3, bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate is the step in glycolysis involves the process where direct substrate phosphorylation occurs.What is glycolysis?Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to pyruvate.
The glycolytic pathway converts glucose into two molecules of pyruvate and yields two ATP and two NADH molecules for each glucose molecule that enters the process.The series of reactions of glycolysis are divided into two main phases: an energy-investment phase, in which energy is consumed, and an energy-payoff phase, in which ATP is created. The first energy-investment phase is phosphorylation of glucose into glucose-6-phosphate, which is followed by phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.The direct substrate phosphorylation is the process where a substrate or molecule is phosphorylated via the transfer of a high-energy phosphate molecule directly from a phosphorylated intermediate (substrate-level phosphorylation).1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate are steps in glycolysis that involve the process where direct substrate phosphorylation occurs.
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Consider the four weak bases listed below. Which would primarily exist as a cation in an aqueous solution with pH = 9? a) only aniline, Kb = 4.0 x 10-10, pKa = 4.60 b) only caffeine, Kb = 1.4 x 10-4, pKg = 10.1 c) none will be cationic d) only quinine, Kb = 3.3 x 10-6, pKa = 8.52 e) only morphine, Kb = 1.6 x 10-6, pkg = 8.20 f) all will be cationic
When an aqueous solution has a pH value of 9, the solution is basic. It is important to note that weak bases behave like weak acids, producing their corresponding conjugate acid in the presence of water.
When a base interacts with water, it accepts a hydrogen ion to form the conjugate acid of the base. This conjugate acid can either exist in solution as a neutral species, as an anion, or as a cation. An anion is formed when a strong acid reacts with a weak base and displaces the weak base's conjugate base. Consider the four weak bases listed below. Which would primarily exist as a cation in an aqueous solution with pH = 9?
a) Aniline with Kb = 4.0 x 10-10 and pKa = 4.60
Aniline is a weak base that will primarily exist in a cationic state in an aqueous solution with a pH of 9. Aniline's Kb value is small, indicating that it is a weak base. Aniline's conjugate acid is NH2+, which is a weak acid.
b) Caffeine with Kb = 1.4 x 10-4 and pKg = 10.1
Caffeine is a weak base that will primarily exist in an anionic state in an aqueous solution with a pH of 9. Caffeine has a Kb value that is relatively large, indicating that it is a weak base. The conjugate acid of caffeine is H+, which is a strong acid.
c) None of the above weak bases will be cationic in solution.
d) Quinine with Kb = 3.3 x 10-6 and pKa = 8.52
Quinine is a weak base that will primarily exist in a cationic state in an aqueous solution with a pH of 9. Quinine has a Kb value that is small, indicating that it is a weak base. The conjugate acid of quinine is NH+2, which is a weak acid.
e) Morphine with Kb = 1.6 x 10-6 and pkg = 8.20
Morphine is a weak base that will primarily exist in a cationic state in an aqueous solution with a pH of 9. Morphine has a Kb value that is small, indicating that it is a weak base. The conjugate acid of morphine is NH+2, which is a weak acid.
f) All weak bases will not be cationic in solution.
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(PLS HELP ASAP <3)
a sample of oxygen gas occupies 600mL when the pressure is 900 mmHg, what is the pressure if the volume is increased to 800 mL
Answer:
675 mmHgExplanation:
The new pressure can be found by using the formula for Boyle's law which is
[tex]P_1V_1 = P_2V_2[/tex]
Since we're finding the new pressure
[tex]P_2 = \frac{P_1V_1}{V_2} \\[/tex]
We have
[tex]P_2 = \frac{900 \times 600}{800} = \frac{540000}{800} \\ = 675[/tex]
We have the final answer as
675 mmHgHope this helps you
A 0.5 kg arrow was shot at a target. The arrow accelerated at 200 m/s2. What was
the net force on the arrow to the nearest newton?
Record your answer and be sure to use the correct place value.
Answer: I think 100?
Explanation:
It’s asking for the net FORCE! And the formula to find force is to multiply the mass by the acceleration which would be in this case 0.5x200 which would be 100
Compute the percentage of error to the nearest tenth in the student’s calculation if the actual specific heat value for aluminum is 0.9J:g*C.
Complete Question:
1. A block of aluminum with a mass of 140 g is cooled from 98.4°C to 62.2°C with a release of 4817 J of heat. From these data, calculate the specific heat of aluminum.
a. Compute the percentage of error to the nearest tenth in the student's calculation if the actual specific heat value for aluminum is 0.9 J/g°C
Answer:
Percent error = 55.56 %
Explanation:
Given the following data;
Mass = 140 grams
Initial temperature = 62.2°C
Final temperature = 98.4°C
Quantity of heat = 4817 Joules.
To find the specific heat capacity;
Heat capacity is given by the formula;
[tex] Q = mcdt[/tex]
Where;
Q represents the heat capacity or quantity of heat. m represents the mass of an object. c represents the specific heat capacity of water. dt represents the change in temperature.dt = T2- T1
dt = 98.4 - 62.2
dt = 36.2°C
Making c the subject of formula, we have;
[tex] c = \frac {Q}{mdt} [/tex]
Substituting into the equation, we have;
[tex] c = \frac {4817}{140*36.2} [/tex]
[tex] c = \frac {4817}{5068} [/tex]
Specific heat capacity, = 0.95 J/g°C
b. To find the percentage error;
Given the following data;
Actual specific heat capacity = 0.9 J/g°C
Experimental specific heat capacity = 0.95 J/g°C
Percent error can be defined as a measure of the extent to which an experimental value differs from the theoretical value.
Mathematically, it is given by this expression;
[tex] Percent \; error = \frac {experimental \;value - actual \; value}{ actual \;value} *100[/tex]
Substituting into the formula, we have;
[tex] Percent \; error = \frac {0.95 - 0.9 }{ 0.9} *100[/tex]
[tex] Percent \; error = \frac {0.5}{0.9} *100[/tex]
[tex] Percent \; error = 0.5556 *100[/tex]
Percent error = 55.56 %
Identify the orbital containing the electron removed in each ionization. Enter a subshell designation, such as 3p or 5s.
a. 1st
b. 2nd
c. 3rd
The orbitals are;
a. 1st - 4s
b. 2nd - 4s
c. 3rd - 3d
What is the orbital from which the first, second and third electrons are removed from the transition elements?First, second, and third electrons from the 4s orbital are frequently removed from transition elements before any electrons from the 3d orbital. This is due to the fact that the energy levels of the 4s and 3d orbitals are quite similar and the energy level of the 4s orbital is marginally lower.
According to the Aufbau principle, electrons fill the lowest possible energy levels first in the electron configuration of transition elements before migrating to higher energy levels. As a result, electrons fill the 4s orbital first, followed by the 3d orbital, with the first two electrons.
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If a calorimeter used for an experiment had been made out of a heat-conducting material, such as metal, rather than styrofoam, a non-heat conducting metal, would the measured calorimeter constant be larger or smaller? Explain your answer.
If a calorimeter made of a heat-conducting material, such as metal, is used instead of a non-heat conducting material like Styrofoam, the measured calorimeter constant would be smaller. This is because a calorimeter made of a heat-conducting material would allow heat to be transferred more efficiently between the system being studied and the surroundings, resulting in less heat being absorbed by the calorimeter itself.
When conducting experiments involving heat transfer, a calorimeter is used to measure the heat exchanged. The calorimeter constant represents the amount of heat absorbed or released by the calorimeter for a given temperature change. A calorimeter made of a heat-conducting material, like metal, would conduct heat more effectively from the system to the surroundings. This means that a larger proportion of the heat generated by the system would be transferred away from the calorimeter, resulting in less heat being measured by the calorimeter itself. Consequently, the measured calorimeter constant would be smaller compared to using a non-heat conducting material like Styrofoam, where more heat would be retained within the calorimeter.
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Which substance cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means?
table salt
gold wire
candle wax
water vapor
Answer: Gold Wire
Explanation:
Out of all of these options only gold wire is an element, elements are pure and cannot be broken down by any chemical means
hope it helped, good luck :)
Which of the following substances will affect the solubility of BaF2 in aqueous solution? Select ALL that apply.
a. LiF
b. H2SO4
c. NaOH
d. BaCl2
e. KNO3
The substances that will affect the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex] in an aqueous solution are LiF, H[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex], NaOH, and BaCl[tex]_2[/tex]. The correct answer is option a, b, c, and d.
The solubility of a compound refers to its ability to dissolve in a solvent. It is affected by a number of factors such as temperature, pressure, and the presence of other substances. In the case of BaF[tex]_2[/tex], its solubility can be influenced by other substances in the solution.
Here are the explanations of how each substance will affect the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex]:
LiF (a) - Both BaF[tex]_2[/tex] and LiF are ionic compounds. Therefore, the presence of LiF in the solution can cause an increase in the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex].
H[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex] (b) - Sulfuric acid (H[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex]) is a strong acid. When it dissociates in water, it produces [tex]H^+[/tex] ions. The presence of [tex]H^+[/tex] ions in the solution can decrease the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex].
NaOH (c) - Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base. When it dissociates in water, it produces [tex]OH^-[/tex] ions. The presence of [tex]OH^-[/tex] ions in the solution can increase the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex].
BaCl[tex]_2[/tex] (d) - BaCl[tex]_2[/tex] is another ionic compound that can dissociate into [tex]Ba^{2+}[/tex] and [tex]Cl^-[/tex] ions in aqueous solution. The presence of [tex]Ba^{2+}[/tex] ions can have a significant impact on the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex] as it can cause a decrease in its solubility.
KNO[tex]_3[/tex] (e) - Potassium nitrate (KNO[tex]_3[/tex]) is a neutral compound that is not expected to have any significant effect on the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex].
Therefore, the correct answer is a. LiF, b. H[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex], c. NaOH, and d. BaCl[tex]_2[/tex].
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consider a thin film of of soapy water (n = 1.33) on plexiglas. since light is a wave, there are many thicknesses of this film that will result in constructive interference.
When light passes through a thin film of soapy water (n = 1.33) on plexiglass, there are several thicknesses of this film that will result in constructive interference.
Due to the light being a wave, it can create a constructive or destructive interference pattern.The thickness of the thin film of soapy water can be calculated by using the equation 2nt = mλ where n is the refractive index of the medium, t is the thickness of the film, m is the order of interference, and λ is the wavelength of the incident light.
If the thickness of the film satisfies the above equation, the light waves will interfere constructively, resulting in a bright spot.
The order of interference determines the location of the bright spot and is indicated by an integer value (m = 0, 1, 2, 3...).
The reason why soapy water forms a thin film on plexiglass is due to the adhesion and cohesive forces between the two.
The thickness of the film can be controlled by changing the concentration of soap in water or the angle of incidence of the light.
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Jack has a rock. The rock has a mass of 14g and a volume of 2cm3. What is the density of the rock?
Answer:
The density is 7 g/cm^3
Explanation:
The formula for density is p=m/V. Where p is the density, m is mass, and V is the volume. 14/2=7.
write equations showing how each weak base ionizes water to form oh-. also write the corresponding expression for kb.
a. NH3
b. HCO3-
c. CH3NH2
The chemical equations are as follows:
a. NH₃: NH₃ + H₂O ⇌ NH₄+ + OH⁻ (Kb = [NH4⁺][OH⁻] / [NH₃])
b. HCO₃-: HCO₃- + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃ + OH⁻ (Kb = [H₂CO₃][OH⁻] / [HCO₃⁻])
c. CH₃NH₂: CH₃NH₂ + H₂O ⇌ CH₃NH₃+ + OH⁻ (Kb = [CH₃NH₃⁺][OH⁻] / [CH₃NH₂])
a. NH₃ (ammonia):
NH₃ + H₂O ⇌ NH₄⁺ + OH⁻
The corresponding expression for Kb (base dissociation constant) is:
Kb = [NH₄⁺][OH⁻] / [NH₃]
b. HCO₃⁻ (bicarbonate):
HCO₃⁻ + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃ + OH⁻
The corresponding expression for Kb is:
Kb = [H₂CO₃][OH⁻] / [HCO₃⁻]
c. CH₃NH₂ (methylamine):
CH₃NH₂ + H₂O ⇌ CH₃NH₃+ + OH-
The corresponding expression for Kb is:
Kb = [CH₃NH₃⁺][OH⁻] / [CH₃NH₂]
In these equations, the weak base reacts with water to produce its conjugate acid (NH₄⁺, H₂CO₃, or CH₃NH₃⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻). The Kb expression represents the equilibrium constant for the base ionization reaction and relates the concentrations of the products (conjugate acid and hydroxide ion) to the concentration of the weak base.
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Question 19 (3 points)
If the density of the earth was 11.0 g/mL instead of its measured value of 5.51 g/mL, the force of gravity would
be twice what it is at sea level. If the earth's density was twice than its actual density, then in pounds per
square inch at sea level the earth's atmosphere in British units would be equal to:
a) 7.35 psi b) 14.7 psi c ) 29.4 psi d) 44.1 psl e) 98.8 psi
Answer:
c ) 29.4 psi
Explanation:
If the density of earth was twice than its actual density which is 5.51 g/mL, then at sea level the atmospheric pressure of earth in British units would be equal to 29.4 psi because increase of gravity, increase occurs in the atmospheric pressure. If we double the gravity of earth by double of the earth density, so the weight of that same mass of air will be double which leads to the doubling of the atmospheric pressure at the sea level.
How many atoms of aluminum are in 0.1 mol of aluminum?
Answer: The number of 'entities' in a mole of any pure substance is always that. 1 mole is equivalent to the number of atoms in a 12g lump of Carbon12.
Edit: I deliberately avoided using Avogadro's number as that is different, in a technical sense, to a mole. A mole is a base unit of the International System of Units (SI) which recognized amount of substance as an independent dimension of measurement. With this recognition, the Avogadro constant was no longer a pure number but a physical quantity associated with a unit of measurement, the reciprocal mole (mol−1) in SI units.
Therefore Avogadro constant is DERIVED from the mole (nowadays) to give something like 6.02214179 x 10^23 mole^(-1). (based on 2006 evidence)
Minerals are formed by which process? O magma cooling O fault lines moving O metamorphosis O sedimentation
Could someone please care to explain what this is please
Answer:
cierra los ojos que me vengo o me vengo
Explanation:
cierra los ojos que me vengo o me vengo cierra los ojos que me vengo o me vengo cierra los ojos que me vengo o me vengcierra los ojos que me vengo o me vengoo
How many moles is 80.0 g of calcium?
Answer:
Here we were given the weight of Ca as 80g
and the atomic mass of carbon is 40u(molar mass)
using the formula
n=W/Mwhere w is weight and m is molar mass
80/40
=2
therefore, there are 2 moles in 80g of calcium
The elements C and Se have the same electronegativity value, 2.55. Which of the following claims about the compound that forms from C and Se is most likely to be true?
a. The compound is likely to be an ionic compound.
b. The compound is likely to be a covalent compound.
c. The compound is likely to be a metallic compound.
d. The compound is likely to be an organic compound.
Carbon (C) and Selenium (Se) having the same electronegativity value of 2.55 is likely to form a (b) covalent compound.
An electronegativity value is the measure of the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons towards itself when they are chemically bonded with another atom.
Brief Information about C and Se:
Carbon (C) - Carbon is the 6th element on the periodic table. It is a non-metallic element that can be found in all known life forms. Carbon has 4 valence electrons, and it can either lose or share electrons to attain a stable electron configuration.
Selenium (Se) - Selenium is a non-metal element that belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. It has 6 valence electrons, and it can either lose or share electrons to attain a stable electron configuration. It is not found in its elemental form in nature and it is found in trace amounts in soils, rocks, and water.
Based on the above information, the following claim about the compound that forms from C and Se is most likely to be true: Option b. The compound is likely to be a covalent compound.
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Will give brainliest!!!!
Answer:
Its B :)
Hope this helps
Image B will shows the butter particles before and after thermal energy will be transferred to the solid butter by heating. So, the correct option is B.
What is Thermal energy?The energy present in a system that determines its temperature is referred to as thermal energy. Thermal energy flows as heat. Thermodynamics is a whole field of physics that studies how heat is transmitted across various systems and how work is performed in the process.
The butter particles in Picture B are shown both before and after the solid butter has been heated to transmit thermal energy to it. This image shows a solid butter particle with tightly packed molecules, however when the butter is heated, it melts into a liquid form with loosely packed molecules.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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Oxygen is produced at the positive electrode
Write a balanced half equation for the process at the positive electrode
Answer:
See Explanation
Explanation:
In electrolysis, a solution called the electrolyte is decomposed by the passage of direct current through it.
The points through which current enters and leaves the electrolyte are called electrodes. In electrolysis, oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction occurs at the cathode.
In the electrolysis of water; at the anode oxygen is produced as follows;
4OH^-(aq) -----> 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 4e
If a nuclear reactor were to have a meltdown, radioactive materials could escape in the form of gases from the reactor into the atmosphere and harm humans and the environment. One safety system that might be able to prevent such an escape is a:
A containment building.
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Determination of Avogadro’s number using electrolysis.
Report your observations on the general changes of the electrodes with each electrolysis.
a. anode
b. cathode
The electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, chlorine gas is produced at the anode because the chloride ion (Cl-) has a greater tendency to pick up electrons than the hydroxide ion (OH-) in the water.2Cl- - 2e- → Cl2b. Cathode:During electrolysis, the cathode will gain electrons to form a negatively charged ion that is discharged. For example, in the electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode because the hydrogen ion (H+) has a greater tendency to pick up electrons than the sodium ion (Na+) in the water.2H+ + 2e- → H2.
Avogadro’s number (NA) can be determined by electrolysis using the Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. Electrolysis is the process of separating or breaking down a compound by the action of an electric current into its constituent parts. Faraday's first law states that the amount of substance deposited or liberated during electrolysis is proportional to the quantity of electricity passed.Faraday's second law of electrolysis states that the weights of different substances that are liberated at the electrodes, on passing the same quantity of electricity through an electrolytic cell are proportional to their equivalent weight.Given below is the calculation for the determination of Avogadro’s number using electrolysis:Let's assume the current passed, I = 2 ATime taken, t = 1800 seconds (30 minutes)Atomic weight of copper, W = 63.5 g/molThe electrochemical equivalent of copper is given by Faraday’s first law asThe amount of copper deposited on cathode = itM / zFWhere,M = atomic mass or molar mass of copperz = number of electrons involved in the reaction (z = 2 in the case of copper)F = Faraday’s constant, i.e. 96500 C mol-1Thus, the number of moles of copper deposited is given byMoles of copper deposited = (itM / zF) = (2 × 1800 × 63.5) / (2 × 96500)= 0.117 gramsNumber of moles of copper atoms in 0.117 grams is given byMoles of copper atoms = (0.117 / 63.5) = 1.84 × 10-3 molesGiven that 1 mole of copper contains 6.02 × 1023 copper atoms or ions, the number of copper atoms or ions in 1.84 × 10-3 moles is given byNA = number of copper atoms or ions = (1.84 × 10-3 × 6.02 × 1023) / 1= 1.11 × 1021 atoms or ionsReport on the general changes of the electrodes with each electrolysisa. Anode:During electrolysis, the anode will gradually dissolve because it loses electrons to form a positively charged ion that goes into solution, allowing the reaction to occur. For example, in the electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, chlorine gas is produced at the anode because the chloride ion (Cl-) has a greater tendency to pick up electrons than the hydroxide ion (OH-) in the water.2Cl- - 2e- → Cl2b. Cathode:During electrolysis, the cathode will gain electrons to form a negatively charged ion that is discharged. For example, in the electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode because the hydrogen ion (H+) has a greater tendency to pick up electrons than the sodium ion (Na+) in the water.2H+ + 2e- → H2.
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