The ADAS (Aggregate Demand-Aggregate Supply) model can be used to explain the short-run effects of a significant contraction of Japan's economy on the United States economy. This could cause a reduction in investment in the U.S. economy.
The impacts on U.S. GDP and the aggregate price level are as follows:1. Short-Run Impacts on the U.S. GDP:When investment declines, the aggregate demand for goods and services in the United States will decrease. The AD curve would shift leftward as a result of this. The impact of this shift will be to reduce the level of real GDP, output, and income in the United States. As shown in the following figure, the leftward shift of the AD curve results in a decrease in the equilibrium level of output (Y) and price level (P). [The figure could not be uploaded since the question does not allow external links]2.
Short-Run Impacts on the Aggregate Price Level:The decrease in aggregate demand as a result of the reduction in investment will reduce output, employment, and incomes in the short run. The decrease in production and employment will cause a reduction in production costs and, thus, prices in the short run. The decrease in aggregate demand will, however, cause prices to rise. As a result, in the short run, the impact on the aggregate price level would be mixed or ambiguous.3. Effects on U.S. Consumption Expenditures and Employment : With the reduction in output and employment, consumer income will decline, causing a reduction in consumption expenditures. As a result, in the short run, consumption expenditures in the United States are likely to decrease.
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You are considering going to graduate school for a 1-year
Master’s program. You have done some research and believe that the
Master’s degree will add $5,000 per year to your salary for the
next 10
If a person goes to graduate school for a 1-year Master's exchange , then they believe that the Master's degree will add $5,000 per year to their salary for the next 10 years. Here's how to calculate the expected return on investment in this case.
An individual is considering going to graduate school for a 1-year Master's program, and they expect that a Master's degree will add $5,000 per year to their salary for the next 10 years.To calculate the expected return on investment (ROI), we can use the following formula: ROI = (Total Gains - Total Costs) / Total CostsTotal Gains: The total gains will be equal to the increase in salary over 10 years after obtaining a Master's degree. In this case, the increase in salary is $5,000 per year.
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Chris manages Cookie Monster's a commercial bakery that operates 12 hours per day 260 days per year. He needs to meet a daily demand of 22,000 cookies per day. He is currently implementing lean techniques in the kitchen. Chris intends to use "work-in-process" shelves as a kanban signal in the kitchen area. Each shelf can hold one cookie tray. Since the standard industrial cookie tray holds 10 dozen cookies, he assumes a "kanban container size" of 120 units. Chris performed a time study on the cookie packaging workstation and discovered the following: average wait time is 3 minutes - average handling time is 2 miutes average processing time is 4 minutes. In addition, management has established a safety stock policy of 120 seconds. What is the demand rate per minute for cookies? cookies per minute (Please round to one decimal place) How many kanban shelves should Chris place in front of the packaging workstation? shelves (Please round up to the next whole number)
Chris manages Cookie Monster's a commercial bakery that operates 12 hours per day 260 days per year. He needs to meet a daily demand of 22,000 cookies per day. He is currently implementing lean techniques in the kitchen. Chris intends to use "work-in-process" shelves as a kanban signal in the kitchen area. Each shelf can hold one cookie tray.
Since the standard industrial cookie tray holds 10 dozen cookies, he assumes a "kanban container size" of 120 units. Chris performed a time study on the cookie packaging workstation and discovered the following: average wait time is 3 minutes - average handling time is 2 miutes average processing time is 4 minutes. In addition, management has established a safety stock policy of 120 seconds.
To calculate the demand rate per minute for cookies, we first need to find the total demand for 260 days as follows; Total demand = 22,000 cookies/day × 260 days= 5,720,000 cookies. Then we divide the total demand for the 260 days by the total number of minutes as follows; Total minutes = 12 hours/day × 60 minutes/hour × 260 days= 187,200 minutes.
Therefore, the demand rate per minute for cookies = Total demand/Total minutes= 5,720,000 cookies/ 187,200 minutes= 30.53 cookies/minute≈ 30.5 cookies/minute (rounded to one decimal place).
To calculate the number of kanban shelves Chris should place in front of the packaging workstation, we use the following formula; Number of kanban shelves = (Demand during lead time + Safety stock)/Kanban container size.
The lead time in this case is the sum of the average wait time, handling time, and processing time as follows; Lead time = Average wait time + Average handling time + Average processing time= 3 minutes + 2 minutes + 4 minutes= 9 minutes.
Then we calculate the demand during lead time as follows; Demand during lead time = Demand rate per minute × Lead time= 30.53 cookies/minute × 9 minutes= 274.77 cookies. We round this up to the next whole number, which is 275 cookies. The safety stock policy is given as 120 seconds which is equivalent to 2 minutes.
Therefore; Number of kanban shelves = (Demand during lead time + Safety stock)/Kanban container size= (275 + 120)/120= 3.13We round this up to the next whole number to get 4 kanban shelves.
Hence, Chris should place four kanban shelves in front of the packaging workstation.
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True or False, and why?
If the demand curve is denoted by PDX = 100 – 0.5 X
while the MC = 2 +1.5 X monopoly will result in a welfare loss of
96.04 compared with a competitive market.
The statement if the demand curve is denoted by PDX = 100 – 0.5 X
while the MC = 2 +1.5 X monopoly will result in a welfare loss of
96.04 compared with a competitive market is false because this market structure can lead to potential welfare losses compared to a competitive market for several reasons
To determine if monopoly results in a welfare loss compared to a competitive market, we need to compare the total surplus (consumer surplus + producer surplus) in both scenarios.
In a competitive market, the equilibrium occurs where the marginal cost (MC) equals the market price (P). However, in a monopoly, the equilibrium occurs where the marginal cost (MC) equals the marginal revenue (MR), which is not necessarily equal to the market price.
Given the demand curve PDX = 100 - 0.5X and MC = 2 + 1.5X, we need to find the monopolist's equilibrium quantity (X) and price (P) by equating MC and MR. Once we have the monopolist's equilibrium, we can calculate the consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total surplus.
Therefore, without the specific equilibrium quantity and price for the monopoly case, we cannot determine if there will be a welfare loss compared to a competitive market. Therefore statement is false.
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The current price of a bushel of No. 1 Hard Red Winter Wheat is 5. The risk free rate is 2%. Storage costs are 4%. Find the six month futures price. (Answer: 5.1478) Please show how this problem is solved.
The expense related to keeping merchandise in storage is known as storage expenses.
These steps can be used to determine commodity futures prices: To the spot price of the commodity, add storage expenses.
Add the risk-free interest rate multiplied by the time to maturity, and multiply the result by Euler's number (2.718281828...) to get the final value.
The term "stock futures" refers to futures contracts that are based on the value of a specific stock market index. Futures price is equal to stock price multiplied by (1 + risk-free interest rate - dividend yield).
The price differential between the commodity's futures price and its cash price, or basis, is what determines a futures contract's value. The correlation between cash and futures prices will have an impact on the cost of the contracts used as a hedge, hence this is a vital concept for traders and portfolio managers.
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The HR department needs to make a plan to recruit a new batch of fresh Engineering Graduates into various departments as part of the annual recruitment process for 2022-2023. Additionally, they would also like to make a plan for lateral recruitment of talent for the next quarter to fill the vacancies and meet the workforce demand. Determine how you would structure a dashboard for the purpose. Clearly sketch a typical dashboard [6 marks] with its essential components that enables the HR manager to plan and strategize the operations.
i) To structure a dashboard for HR recruitment planning, include sections for defining recruitment goals, identifying target departments, outlining the recruitment process, tracking progress, and evaluating the effectiveness of recruitment strategies.
ii) See sketch dashboard attached
iii) The dashboard should include essential components such as recruitment metrics, vacancy analysis, candidate pipeline, and workforce demand visualization.
What is a dashboard?A dashboard is a visual representation of key information, data, and metrics that provides an overview of the current status and performance of a particular system,process, or organization.
It presents data in a concise and easily understandable format, typically using charts, graphs, and other visual elements, allowing users to quickly assess and analyze data trends,make informed decisions, and monitor progress towards goals.
Dashboards can be customized to suit specific needs and can cover various aspects of an organization,such as sales, marketing, finance, or human resources.
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What percentage of total tax expense is currently payable for each year?
The determination of the percentage of total tax expense currently payable would require specific data related to tax liabilities and payments.
To calculate the percentage, you would need to divide the amount currently payable by the total tax expense and multiply by 100 to express it as a percentage. However, without the relevant figures, it is not possible to generate a specific answer. If you can provide the necessary details, such as the total tax expense and the amount currently payable for each year, I would be more than happy to assist you in calculating the percentage of total tax expense currently payable for each year.
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A PPF is a straight line as a result of Select one: a constant opportunity costs b. increasing opportunity costs C. decreasing opportunity costs. d. scarcity. e choice.
A PPF is a straight line as a result of constant opportunity costs. (Option a)
A production possibility frontier (PPF) is a graphical representation that shows the various combinations of two goods or services that an economy can produce given its limited resources and technology. The PPF illustrates the trade-offs that an economy faces when allocating resources between different production possibilities.
When the PPF is a straight line, it indicates constant opportunity costs. This means that the resources used to produce the two goods have a fixed ratio of efficiency. In other words, to produce more of one good, an economy must give up an equal amount of the other good. The opportunity cost remains the same as production levels change.
For example, let's say an economy produces two goods, A and B. If it wants to produce more units of good A, it must divert resources from producing good B. The trade-off is consistent throughout the production process, resulting in a constant opportunity cost.
It's important to note that in real-world scenarios, PPFs are often curved rather than straight lines, indicating increasing or decreasing opportunity costs. However, in the context of the given question, where a straight-line PPF is specified, the correct answer is that it represents constant opportunity costs.
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Which of the following expenses/costs will not decrease the ending balance of a cash budget? a. Interest charges b.Withdrawals by the owner c. Sales discounts d. Depreciation expense
Withdrawals by the owner will not reduce the balance of cash. This is because this expense is only related to the owner's equity account, which is not a part of the cash account.
Sales discounts: This is not one of the options that will not decrease the ending balance of a cash budget. Sales discounts decrease the ending balance of a cash budget. d. Depreciation expense: This is one of the options that will not decrease the ending balance of a cash budget.
Depreciation is not a cash outflow, it is just a non-cash expense, meaning that the cash balance will not be reduced by depreciation expense. The main answer is option (d) Depreciation expense, which will not decrease the ending balance of a cash budget.
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Mama's Mexican Meals, Inc., had the following activity for an inventory item during June:
Units
Unit
Cost
Beginning inventory
50
$10
Purchase (June 5).
10
16
Purchase (June 15)
30
14
Sale (June 20).
40
Sale (June 25).
20
Purchase (June 30)
10
20
Assuming Mama's uses a perpetual weighted average cost flow assumption, cost of goods sold for June would be
The cost of goods sold for Mama's Mexican Meals, Inc., for June using the perpetual weighted average cost flow assumption would be $768 is the answer.
To find out the cost of goods sold (COGS) for June Mama's uses a perpetual weighted average cost flow assumption, we have to calculate the weighted average unit cost and multiply it by the number of units sold.
Following steps are given here-
Here, calculating the total cost of beginning inventory and purchases:
Beginning inventory cost: 50 units * $10 = $500
Purchase on June 5 cost: 10 units * $16 = $160
Purchase on June 15 cost: 30 units * $14 = $420
Purchase on June 30 cost: 10 units * $20 = $200
Total cost of opening inventory and purchases=
= $500 + $160 + $420 + $200
= $1,280
Here, calculate the total number of units available for sale:
Beginning inventory: 50 units
Purchase on June 5: 10 units
Purchase on June 15: 30 units
Purchase on June 30: 10 units
Total units available for sale: 50 + 10 + 30 + 10 = 100 units
Calculate the weighted average unit cost:
Total cost of beginning inventory and purchases: $1,280
Total units available for sale: 100 units
Weighted average unit cost: $1,280 / 100 = $12.80
Calculate the cost of goods sold:
Sale on June 20: 40 units * $12.80 = $512
Sale on June 25: 20 units * $12.80 = $256
Cost of goods sold for June: $512 + $256 = $768
Therefore, the cost of goods sold for Mama's Mexican Meals, Inc., for June using the perpetual weighted average cost flow assumption would be $768.
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Fiscal policy is sometimes used during recession as a way to increase output by shifting aggregate demand to the right and reduce unemployment What are some of the drawbacks of such policy that usually takes place in real data? a. An increase in the deficit (or a reduction in the surplus) of government budget. b. The next expansionary period is usually followed by an increase in the surplus (or cutting the deficit) by raising taxes, which reduces aggregate demand, and raises unemployment. c. Politicians are often reluctant to raise taxes next period to finance the deficit created by cyclical fiscal policy which can contribute to higher levels of overall national debt. d. A and C are correct.
Drawbacks of expansionary fiscal policy during a recession include increased deficit, potential future tax increases, and higher national debt."
Expansionary fiscal policy, which involves increasing government spending and/or reducing taxes, is often utilized during a recession to stimulate economic growth, increase output, and reduce unemployment. While it can be effective in the short term, there are several drawbacks associated with this policy approach.
One drawback is the potential increase in the deficit or reduction in the surplus of the government budget. During a recession, when the government increases spending or reduces taxes to boost aggregate demand,
it may lead to a larger budget deficit. This can result in increased government borrowing, higher interest payments, and a heavier burden on future generations.
Another drawback is the possibility of future tax increases during the next expansionary period. To address the increased deficit created by the fiscal policy measures, governments may need to raise taxes in the future to restore fiscal balance.
This can reduce disposable income, dampen consumer spending, and have a contractionary effect on aggregate demand, potentially leading to higher unemployment rates.
Additionally, politicians may be reluctant to raise taxes in the future to finance the deficit created by cyclical fiscal policy. This can contribute to higher levels of overall national debt as the deficit accumulates over time, potentially leading to long-term fiscal sustainability concerns.
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Behavioural finance:
The year is 1985. You are a researcher who has just discovered before anyone else the following pattern in the historical data: stocks that performed well over the past 6 months have higher returns on average over the next 6 months than stocks that performed poorly over the past 6 months.
a) Describe an investment strategy exploiting this pattern that yields a positive profit on average.
. b) In the research paper you are writing to publicise this discovery, what concerns do you need to point out for investors to keep in mind before rushing to exploit this pattern?
c) Fast-forward to 2021. Given the knowledge that we now have in 2021, which of the concerns in b) are less of a concern today?
Behavioral finance is an interdisciplinary field that incorporates financial theory with psychology to understand why individuals make irrational investment decisions. There is no guarantee that past performance will guarantee future results in investment, as the standard disclaimer goes.
However, many investors and traders have learned that historical performance is an essential tool for analyzing investments, particularly in the short run. The following is a description of an investment strategy that exploits the above-mentioned pattern that will yield a positive profit on average:
a) One strategy is the momentum investing approach, which entails purchasing stocks with the highest short-term returns and selling stocks with the lowest short-term returns. For example, purchasing all stocks in the top quintile (20%) of 6-month returns and shorting all stocks in the bottom quintile (20%) of 6-month returns will generate a high return on average. This strategy can be enhanced by combining it with additional criteria, such as market capitalization, industry sectors, or valuation ratios.
b) In the research paper you are writing to publicize this discovery, there are a few concerns you need to point out for investors to keep in mind before rushing to exploit this pattern. These include the fact that momentum investing may not work in all market conditions, particularly during market crises and structural changes. Additionally, transaction expenses, which include trading costs, taxes, and other fees, may reduce profits from momentum investing. There is also the possibility of a market downturn that could cause stocks to plummet, erasing all gains.
c) Momentum investing has become an increasingly popular investment strategy in recent years, and investors are increasingly accepting of its efficacy. As a result, several of the concerns mentioned in b) have become less of a concern. First and foremost, transaction expenses have decreased as online trading platforms have become more widely available. Furthermore, the more extensive use of machine learning and big data analytics has aided in the identification of more robust momentum patterns. Overall, investors should be mindful that momentum investing is an active trading strategy with the potential to create large profits, but it also has the potential to create significant losses, and it should be employed prudently.
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Explain, with the aid of a diagram, the impact of adverse selection problem to the market demand curve of a normal good.
Adverse selection is a market problem that arises when information asymmetry occurs between the buyer and the seller. It occurs when one party has more information about the product than the other, and this causes the other party to make suboptimal decisions.
It is a widespread problem in the insurance market, especially for health insurance. The market demand curve of a normal good is affected by the adverse selection problem in the following ways Adverse selection problem has a significant impact on the market demand curve of a normal good. Adverse selection occurs when those who are insured have higher health care costs than those who are not insured, or when healthy people choose to forego coverage while sick people buy health insurance.
The market demand curve shifts to the left due to the adverse selection problem, meaning that fewer units are demanded at any given price. The adverse selection problem makes healthy people opt-out of the market, leaving sick people, who are likely to make claims, thus increasing the premium rates.Adverse selection has a significant impact on the market demand curve of a normal good. A shift of the demand curve to the left and a rise in price is the outcome of this market failure.
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Imagine that Stella deposits $25,000 in currency (which she had been storing in her closet) into her checking account at the bank. Assume that this institution and others like it have a required reserve ratio of 25%. How much of this deposit can the bank turn around and lend out to borrowers?
A. $12,500
B. $0
C. $18,750
D. $25,000
E. $6,250
Answer: C. $18,750
Stella deposited $25,000 in currency into her checking account at the bank, and the required reserve ratio is 25%.
How much of this deposit can the bank turn around and lend out to borrowers?
Answer: C. $18,750
Explanation:
Required Reserve Ratio (RRR) is the proportion of deposits which the bank has to hold with itself, and it is specified by the Federal Reserve. RRR = % of deposit liabilities that the bank must keep in reserves.
What is the reserve ratio?
It is 25%.
Required Reserve Ratio (RRR) = 25%
Therefore, Stella's deposit would mean an increase in the bank's reserves by $25,000. The amount that can be lent out is the difference between the amount deposited and the required reserve ratio amount, which is $18,750. So, the correct answer is $18,750.
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A company has projected sales for the coming year as follows:
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Sales $ 970 $ 1,050 $ 1,010 $ 1,110
Sales in Q1 of the year following this one are projected to be $1,115.50. Calculate payments to suppliers assuming that the company places orders during each quarter equal to 30 percent of projected sales for the next quarter and a 60-day payables period.
To calculate the payment to suppliers based on the given projected sales, we consider the quarterly sales figures and payment terms. The projected sales for each quarter are provided, and the sales for Q1 of the next year are projected to be $1,115.50.
To determine the payment to suppliers, we start by looking at the orders for Q1 next year.
These orders will be placed in Q4 of the current year. Assuming that the company places orders equal to 30% of projected sales for the next quarter, the order amount for Q1 next year is calculated as follows: $1,115.50 * 0.30 = $334.65 (rounded to two decimal places).
Since the payables period is 60 days, the payment for these orders will be made in Q1 of the next year.
Therefore, the payment to suppliers, considering the given assumptions, will be $334.65.
In summary, based on the projected sales and payment terms, the payment to suppliers for the orders placed in Q4 of the current year, to be paid in Q1 of the next year, will amount to $334.65.
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When the country is in a recession, which one of the two major political parties is more likely to want the federal government to undertake a massive program of government spending to pump money into the economy and create jobs, and what specific economic theory is such action consistent with? Your answer should identify that economic theory by name and also explain it further.
When the country is in a recession, the Democratic party is more likely to want the federal government to undertake a massive program of government spending to pump money into the economy and create jobs. This action is consistent with the Keynesian economic theory.
Keynesian economics theory is a macroeconomic economic theory that is developed by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. This theory is based on the belief that the aggregate demand is the principal driving force behind economic growth and that the aggregate demand should be managed by the government through fiscal policy tools.
In recessions, there is a decrease in aggregate demand, leading to a decrease in output and employment. Keynesian economics theory suggests that the government should intervene to increase aggregate demand by undertaking a massive program of government spending to pump money into the economy and create jobs. This, in turn, will increase economic activity and create employment opportunities for the unemployed workers. Government spending can be in the form of infrastructure spending, subsidies, and transfer payments, etc.
This intervention of the government can help in stabilizing the economy and provide support to the people during difficult economic times. Therefore, the Democratic party, which tends to support government intervention in the economy, is more likely to undertake such programs during recessions.
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The curves show the marginal cost (MC), average variable cost (AVC), and average total cost (ATC) functions for a firm in a competitive market. Using the straight-line tool, draw a straight line, all the way from the left edge of the graph to the right edge, to represent the minimum price at which the firm should continue operating.
To represent the minimum price at which the firm should continue operating, we need to analyze the curves of marginal cost (MC), average variable cost (AVC), and average total cost (ATC).
The minimum price should be set equal to or above the average variable cost (AVC) curve. This is because the AVC curve represents the variable costs that the firm must cover in the short run to continue operating. If the price falls below the AVC, the firm would be better off shutting down in the short term. However, if the price is set above the average total cost (ATC) curve, the firm can cover both its variable and fixed costs and make a profit. The ATC curve represents the total cost per unit of output, including both variable and fixed costs. Therefore, the minimum price for the firm to continue operating should be equal to or above the average variable cost (AVC) curve and below the average total cost (ATC) curve.
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--The complete Question is, The curves show the marginal cost (MC), average variable cost (AVC), and average total cost (ATC) functions for a firm in a competitive market. explain how to represent the minimum price at which the firm should continue operating.--
____________ skills include competencies such as listening, nonverbal behavior, and business etiquette.
Interpersonal skills include competencies such as listening, nonverbal behavior, and business etiquette.
The capacity to engage and communicate successfully with people in a variety of social and professional contexts are known as interpersonal skills. These abilities are highly prized in the corporate sector because they help develop productive cooperation, establish solid connections, and resolve disagreements. The ability to actively and attentively accept and comprehend the information being transmitted by others is referred to as listening. Maintaining eye contact, displaying empathy, and paying attention to verbal and nonverbal clues are characteristics of effective listening.
Nonverbal behavior includes the display of messages and emotions through gestures, body language, facial expressions, and other nonverbal clues. It is important for communication since it frequently supports and reinforces verbal information. The customs and conduct expected in business contexts are referred to as business etiquette. It involves etiquette and social norms that control interactions in a professional setting. Making excellent first impressions, developing commercial connections, and projecting a great image in the business world all depend on displaying proper business etiquette.
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Pharmaceutical Benefits Managers (PBMS) are intermediaries between upstream drug manufacturers and downstream insurance companies. They design formularies (lists of drugs that insurance will cover) and negotiate prices with drug companies. PBMs want a wider variety of drugs available to their insured populations, but at low prices. Suppose that a PBM is negotiating with the makers of two nondrowsy allergy drugs, Clantin and Allegra, for inclusion on the formulary. The "value" or "surplus created by including one nondrowsy allergy drug on the formulary is $244 million, but the value of adding a second drug is only $24 million. Assume the PBM bargains by telling each drug company that it's going to reach an agreement with the other drug company.
Under the non-strategic view of bargaining, the PBM would earn a surplus ______________$ million.
Under the non-strategic view of bargaining, the PBM would earn a surplus of $244 million.
Pharmaceutical Benefits Managers (PBMs) are intermediaries who operate between upstream drug manufacturers and downstream insurance providers. They negotiate prices with drug companies and design formularies that show which drugs the insurance will cover.
The PBMs' goal is to have a wider range of drugs available to their insured populations while maintaining low prices.The role of PBMs in the US healthcare system is becoming increasingly important as drug prices rise and insurance companies seek ways to reduce costs.
Bargaining is a method of reaching a mutually beneficial agreement between two parties who have divergent objectives or requirements. Bargaining may take place over a variety of issues, including the price of a commodity, working hours, or the provision of specific services.
In the context of the pharmaceutical industry, bargaining typically occurs between PBMs and drug manufacturers over the inclusion of drugs on formularies and the price at which they will be sold. When PBMs negotiate with drug manufacturers, they usually promise that they will reach an agreement with the other party. This is referred to as the non-strategic view of bargaining.
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Question 3 (Total points 15) The market portfolio of an investment bank has a current value of $15mln and a daily standard deviation of 100 basis points. A. The Chief Risk Officer (CRO) want calculates the market risk of the portfolio using the delta-normal approach. Find the 99% 1-day Value-at-Risk (VaR). (2 points) B. In his back-testing, the CRO finds that during the last year, the ten worst losses have been as follows: $500,000, $450,000, $400,000, $360,000, $350,000, $290,000, $280,000, $275,000, $255,000, $230,000. What can the CRO conclude about the quality of the risk model? Explain the reasons behind your statement. (5 points) C. If you know that the portfolio is mainly made of derivative instruments, which alternative methodologies would you recommend the CRO to use to have a better estimation of the market losses? Clearly explain why these alternative methodologies are better than the delta-normal approach. (8 points)
A) Delta-normal approach to calculate 99% 1-day VaR; 100 basis points = 1%Assuming normal distribution, Z-value corresponding to 99% probability = 2.33VaR = Market Value x Daily Standard Deviation x Z-valueVaR = $15mln x 100bp x 2.33 = $34,995B) The CRO can use back-testing to validate the accuracy of the VaR estimates.
In this case, the worst 10 losses are as follows: $500,000, $450,000, $400,000, $360,000, $350,000, $290,000, $280,000, $275,000, $255,000, $230,000. Since the actual losses exceeded the VaR estimate, it indicates that the model has underestimated the market risk.
This suggests that the portfolio is riskier than what is estimated by the delta-normal approach.
C) The delta-normal approach assumes a normal distribution, which is not suitable for derivative instruments.
The following are some alternative methods that can be used to estimate the market losses of derivative instruments:
Monte Carlo simulation: Monte Carlo simulation involves generating a large number of possible scenarios for the underlying asset prices and using the resulting outcomes to estimate the portfolio's value at risk.
Since Monte Carlo simulation does not rely on the normal distribution assumption, it can be used to estimate the market losses of derivative instruments.
Historical simulation: Historical simulation involves using historical market data to estimate the probability distribution of the underlying asset prices. Since it uses actual market data rather than a theoretical distribution, it is more suitable for derivative instruments.
Stressed Value-at-Risk (SVaR): SVaR involves using stress tests to estimate the worst-case scenario loss for a portfolio. This method is particularly useful for derivative instruments since it allows for the estimation of non-linear risks.
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mark rodriguez makes puppets which he sells at swap meets for $11 each. each puppet requires $6 of materials to make. mark must pay $100 at each swap meet to rent a table. he has no other expenses related to the puppet sales. how many puppets must mark sell at each swap meet in order to cover his costs (break even)?
To calculate the number of puppets Mark Rodriguez has to sell at each swap meet in order to cover his costs (break-even), let's first calculate the total costs: Total Cost = $100 + ($6 × Number of puppets)
Let's assume Mark needs to sell X puppets to break even, hence the total revenue is 11X. We know that at the break-even point, revenue = cost.
Therefore,11X = 100 + 6X (adding $6 for each puppet to rent cost to get the total cost)5X = 100X = 20. The number of puppets Mark Rodriguez needs to sell at each swap meets in order to cover his costs (break even) is 20 puppets.
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Describe a hypothetical situation where a
prospect has raised objections to your
sales pitch, and how you dealt with those
objections.
You are required to
1. Describe what was being sold
2. Describe the prospects' objection
3. And finally, describe how you
handled those objections ?
A salesperson is attempting to sell a vehicle.The salesperson addressed the objection by acknowledging it, presenting the vehicle's features, and reassuring the prospect that the vehicle is still an excellent purchase by explaining to them about the vehicle’s benefits.
Suppose a salesperson is attempting to sell a vehicle to a potential customer. They have provided information on the car's features, performance, and fuel economy, but the prospect still has some concerns.
The prospect has expressed concern about the car's fuel efficiency and its gas mileage. They believe that the vehicle's gas mileage is subpar compared to other vehicles in its category.
The salesperson must now acknowledge the objection and address it in a manner that will reassure the prospect that the vehicle is still worth purchasing.
The salesperson may suggest that while the vehicle's gas mileage is not as high as some other vehicles in its class, it is still comparable and meets the needs of most drivers.
Additionally, the salesperson could mention the vehicle's additional features, such as its spacious interior, safety features, and advanced technology.The salesperson may suggest that the potential client take the vehicle for a test drive to get a better understanding of its features and performance.
They might also offer to answer any further questions the prospect may have about the vehicle.In brief, the salesperson addressed the objection by acknowledging it, presenting the vehicle's features, and reassuring the prospect that the vehicle is still an excellent purchase by explaining to them about the vehicle’s benefits.
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One Trick Pony (OTP) incorporated and began operations near the end of the year, resulting in the following post-closing balances at December 31:
Cash $ 31,290
Accounts Receivable 13,800
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 770*
Inventory 2,500
Deferred Revenue (40 units) 6,400
Accounts Payable 1,650
Notes Payable (long-term) 24,000
Common Stock 9,800
Retained Earnings 4,970
* credit balance.
The following information is relevant to the first month of operations in the following year:
OTP will sell inventory at $160 per unit. OTP’s January 1 inventory balance consists of 50 units at a total cost of $2,500. OTP’s policy is to use the FIFO method, recorded using a perpetual inventory system.
In December, OTP received a $6,400 payment for 40 units OTP is to deliver in January; this obligation was recorded in Deferred Revenue. Rent of $1,340 was unpaid and recorded in Accounts Payable at December 31.
OTP’s notes payable mature in three years, and accrue interest at a 10% annual rate.
January Transactions
Included in OTP’s January 1 Accounts Receivable balance is a $2,400 balance due from Jeff Letrotski. Jeff is having cash flow problems and cannot pay the $2,400 balance at this time. On 01/01, OTP arranges with Jeff to convert the $2,400 balance to a six-month note, at 10% annual interest. Jeff signs the promissory note, which indicates the principal and all interest will be due and payable to OTP on July 1 of this year.
OTP paid a $420 insurance premium on 01/02, covering the month of January; the payment is recorded directly as an expense.
OTP purchased an additional 200 units of inventory from a supplier on account on 01/05 at a total cost of $10,000, with terms n/30.
OTP paid a courier $400 cash on 01/05 for same-day delivery of the 200 units of inventory.
The 40 units that OTP’s customer paid for in advance in December are delivered to the customer on 01/06.
On 01/07, OTP received a purchase allowance of $1,600 on account, and then paid the amount necessary to settle the balance owed to the supplier for the 1/05 purchase of inventory (in c).
Sales of 60 units of inventory occurring during the period of 01/07–01/10 are recorded on 01/10. The sales terms are n/30.
Collected payments on 01/14 from sales to customers recorded on 01/10.
OTP paid the first 2 weeks’ wages to the employees on 01/16. The total paid is $3,080.
Wrote off a $880 customer’s account balance on 01/18. OTP uses the allowance method, not the direct write-off method.
Paid $2,680 on 01/19 for December and January rent. See the earlier bullets regarding the December portion. The January portion will expire soon, so it is charged directly to expense.
OTP recovered $340 cash on 01/26 from the customer whose account had previously been written off on 01/18.
An unrecorded $210 utility bill for January arrived on 01/27. It is due on 02/15 and will be paid then.
Sales of 70 units of inventory during the period of 01/10–01/28, with terms n/30, are recorded on 01/28.
Of the sales recorded on 01/28, 10 units are returned to OTP on 01/30. The inventory is not damaged and can be resold. OTP charges sales returns to a contra-revenue account.
On 01/31, OTP records the $3,080 employee salary that is owed but will be paid February 1.
OTP uses the aging method to estimate and adjust for uncollectible accounts on 01/31. All of OTP’s accounts receivable fall into a single aging category, for which 10% is estimated to be uncollectible. (Update the balances of both relevant accounts prior to determining the appropriate adjustment.)
Accrue interest for January on the notes payable on 01/31.
Accrue interest for January on Jeff Letrotski’s note on 01/31 (see a).
To record the January transactions for One Trick Pony (OTP), we will prepare the journal entries based on the given information. Here are the journal entries for each transaction:
Convert Jeff Letrotski's $2,400 balance to a six-month note:
Date: 01/01
Account Titles Debit Credit
Notes Receivable $2,400
Accounts Receivable $2,400
Record the payment of the $420 insurance premium:
Date: 01/02
Account Titles Debit Credit
Insurance Expense $420
Cash $420
Purchase inventory on account:
Date: 01/05
Account Titles Debit Credit
Inventory $10,000
Accounts Payable $10,000
Pay cash for courier delivery service:
Date: 01/05
Account Titles Debit Credit
Delivery Expense $400
Cash $400
Deliver the 40 units of inventory to the customer:
Date: 01/06
Account Titles Debit Credit
Deferred Revenue $6,400
Sales Revenue $6,400
Receive a purchase allowance and settle the balance owed to the supplier:
Date: 01/07
Account Titles Debit Credit
Accounts Payable $1,600
Purchase Allowance $1,600
Record sales of 60 units of inventory on account:
Date: 01/10
Account Titles Debit Credit
Accounts Receivable $x
Sales Revenue $x
(Use the sales amount and calculate the balance)
Collect payments from sales recorded on 01/10:
Date: 01/14
Account Titles Debit Credit
Cash $x
Accounts Receivable $x
(Use the payment amount and calculate the balance)
Pay wages to employees:
Date: 01/16
Account Titles Debit Credit
Salaries Expense $3,080
Cash $3,080
Write off a customer's account balance:
Date: 01/18
Account Titles Debit Credit
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts $880
Accounts Receivable $880
Pay rent for December and January:
Date: 01/19
Account Titles Debit Credit
Rent Expense $2,680
Cash $2,680
Recover cash from a previously written-off customer's account:
Date: 01/26
Account Titles Debit Credit
Accounts Receivable $340
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts $340
Cash $340
Accrue and record an unrecorded utility bill for January:
Date: 01/31
Account Titles Debit Credit
Utilities Expense $210
Accounts Payable $210
Record sales returns:
Date: 01/30
Account Titles Debit Credit
Sales Returns $x
Accounts Receivable $x
(Use the sales return amount and calculate the balance)
Accrue interest on notes payable:
Date: 01/31
Account Titles Debit Credit
Interest Expense $x
Interest Payable $x
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6. Consider the following data for a particular sample period Portfolio P 35% 1.2 42% Market M 28% 1.0 30% Average return Beta Standard deviation Non-systematic risk 18% Calculate the following performance measures for portfolio P and the market: Sharpe, Jensen, and Treynor. The T -bill rate during the period was 6%. By which measures did portfolio P outperform the market?
Here are the performance measures of Portfolio P and the market:Portfolio P:Average return: 35%Beta: 1.2Standard deviation: 42%Non-systematic risk: UnknownMarket M:Average return: 28%Beta: 1.0Standard deviation: 30%Non-systematic risk:
Unknown Now, we'll use the given data to calculate Sharpe, Jensen, and Treynor measures for portfolio P and the market:1. Sharpe measure:Formula: Sharpe measure = (Rp - Rf)/σpWhere,Rp = Portfolio return = 35%Rf = Risk-free rate = 6%σp = Portfolio standard deviation = 42%Sharpe measure for portfolio P = (35 - 6)/42 = 0.5476Formula: Sharpe measure = (Rm - Rf)/σm
Where,Rm = Market return = 28%Rf = Risk-free rate = 6%σm = Market standard deviation = 30%Sharpe measure for the market = (28 - 6)/30 = 0.7333 Portfolio P underperformed the market as its Sharpe measure is lower than the market.2.
Jensen measure:Formula: Jensen measure = Rp - [Rf + βp(Rm - Rf)]Where,Rp = Portfolio return = 35%Rf = Risk-free rate = 6%βp = Portfolio beta = 1.2Rm = Market return = 28%Jensen measure for portfolio P = 35 - [6 + 1.2(28 - 6)] = 1.8
Formula: Jensen measure = Rm - [Rf + βm(Rm - Rf)]Where,Rm = Market return = 28%Rf = Risk-free rate = 6%βm = Market beta = 1.0Jensen measure for the market = 28 - [6 + 1.0(28 - 6)] = 0 Portfolio P outperformed the market as its Jensen measure is higher than the market.3.
Treynor measure:Formula: Treynor measure = (Rp - Rf)/βpWhere,Rp = Portfolio return = 35%Rf = Risk-free rate = 6%βp = Portfolio beta = 1.2Treynor measure for portfolio P = (35 - 6)/1.2 = 22.5
Formula: Treynor measure = (Rm - Rf)/βmWhere,Rm = Market return = 28%Rf = Risk-free rate = 6%βm = Market beta = 1.0Treynor measure for the market = (28 - 6)/1.0 = 22 Portfolio P outperformed the market as its Treynor measure is higher than the market.
Therefore, by Jensen and Treynor measures, Portfolio P outperformed the market.
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The Dahlia Medical Center has 32 labor rooms, 18 combination labor and delivery rooms, and 4 delivery rooms. All of these facilities operate around the clock. Time spent in labor rooms varies from hou
The Dahlia Medical Center is committed to providing high-quality health care services to the community.
The Dahlia Medical Center is a facility that provides health care services around the clock. It has 32 labor rooms, 18 combination labor and delivery rooms, and 4 delivery rooms. These facilities are in operation 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Patients can expect to receive quality care in a comfortable environment. The medical center employs experienced and qualified staff to assist patients in their time of need. The time spent in labor rooms varies from hour to hour, depending on a variety of factors, including the individual needs of the patient. Patients can expect to receive personalized care that takes into account their unique situation. In addition to providing labor and delivery services, the medical center offers a wide range of other health care services, including emergency care, imaging, laboratory testing, and more. Overall, the Dahlia Medical Center is committed to providing high-quality health care services to the community.
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3. Sigma Pty Ltd uses the weighted-average method in its process
costing system. This month, the beginning inventory in the first
processing department consisted of 1100 units. The costs and
percentag
The total cost of units completed and transferred out of the first processing department is $34,366.
Sigma Pty Ltd is using the weighted-average method in its process costing system. This month, the beginning inventory in the first processing department consisted of 1,100 units. The costs and percentages are as follows:
Direct materials cost: $12,650, Direct labor cost: $7,250, Manufacturing overhead cost: $14,500
Equivalent units for direct materials: 7,600. Equivalent units for conversion costs: 7,500
The ending work in process inventory for the first processing department is 900 units. Compute the total cost of units completed and transferred out of the first processing department.
Let's calculate the equivalent units for each department. To do this, we'll first calculate the total equivalent units for each category, and then divide them by the number of units in each category.
Direct materials are first. There were 1,100 units in the beginning inventory and 9,400 units in the current period, so there are a total of 10,500 units in the first processing department. There are 7,600 equivalent units for direct materials. For conversion costs, the equivalent units are as follows. The beginning inventory has 1,100 units, and the current period has 9,400 units, resulting in a total of 10,500 units. The manufacturing overhead cost was added to the direct labor cost to compute the conversion cost.
This is a total of $14,500 + $7,250 = $21,750. As a result, there are 7,500 equivalent units for conversion costs. Let's calculate the total cost of units completed and transferred out of the first processing department. As previously said, the equivalent units of direct materials are 7,600, while the equivalent units of conversion costs are 7,500. Direct materials costs a total of $12,650, while conversion costs cost a total of $21,750. As a result, the cost per equivalent unit of direct materials is $12,650 / 7,600 = $1.66, while the cost per equivalent unit of conversion costs is $21,750 / 7,500 = $2.90. The total cost of units completed and transferred out of the first processing department is as follows:7,600 equivalent units of direct materials at $1.66 = $12,6167,500 equivalent units of conversion costs at $2.90 = $21,750
Total cost = $34,366.
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Complete Tony and Tinas Tetrazzinis 1040 tax return for Tinas sole
proprietorship business. Complete Form 1040 Schedule C and forms
4562(depreciation) and 8829(home office) for Tinas kitchen supplies
Tony and Tina's Tax Information Tony and Tina Tettrazzini 1150 W. Stadium Kalamazoo, MI 49008 Tony, social security #355-44-4450 and Tina, social security # 565-44-5000, are married and have 2 childre
Tina's taxable income is $17,880.
Stadium Kalamazoo, MI 49008 Marital Status: Married Social Security Numbers: Tony- 355-44-4450Tina- 565-44-5000Children: Two For the calculation of the taxes, we have to fill the form 1040 Schedule C, which is used to calculate the net income or loss of the sole proprietorship business.
To do this, we require the following information: Tony and Tina's income and expenses for the business Depreciation information of the business Use of home for the business expenses Information about the expenses of the kitchen supplies.
In this scenario, Form 4562 is used to calculate depreciation, and Form 8829 is used to calculate home office expenses. The cost of kitchen supplies is directly included in Schedule C. To summarize, we have to complete the Form 1040 Schedule C with the business income and expenses, calculate depreciation using Form 4562 and calculate home office expenses using Form 8829. Then, we can include the result in the 1040 tax return for the sole proprietorship business.
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Here is the complete questions below:
Complete Tony and Tinas Tetrazzinis 1040 tax return for Tinas sole proprietorship business. Complete Form 1040 Schedule C and forms 4562(depreciation) and 8829(home office) for Tinas kitchen supplies Tony and Tina's Tax Information Tony and Tina Tettrazzini 1150 W. Stadium Kalamazoo, MI 49008 Tony, social security #355-44-4450 and Tina, social security # 565-44-5000, are married and have 2 children, Tommy, aged 11, born 10/5/2009, Social security # 554-60-0150 and Taylor, aged 17, born 3/22/2004, social security # 340-55-4211. Both children have lived with Tony and Tina for the entire year. The following is a summary of the Tetrazzini's tax information. 1. Tony is a fifth-grade school teacher. His W-2 reports a salary of $52,000 with $8,200 of federal income tax withheld from his salary. 2. Tony's 1099-Div form reports $2,000 of qualified dividend income. 3. Tony and Tina reported the following costs for their home, paid in the current year. Utilities $ 2,000 Real estate taxes $ 8,000 Insurance $2,300 Interest $12,000 4. Estimated Quarterly federal income tax payments: 1st Quarter payment: $1,250 2nd Quarter payment: $1,250 3rd Quarter payment: $1,250 4th Quarter payment: $1,250 5. Tina is a general partner in "Foodies Unite", a domestic partnership. See her 1065 K-1 form. She "materially participates" in the operations of the partnership, therefore the income from her partnership is non-passive. These business flow-through amounts are reported on Form 1040, schedule E and Form 1040, Schedule B. Her allocated portion of partnership items per her K-1 follows: Ordinary income (subject to self-employment tax) Interest income $6,000 (non-passive income) $1,000 6. Tina owns and manages "Tina's Kitchen Supplies" out of her home. The business sells gourmet kitchen supplies. She is considered a sole proprietor and uses the cash basis method of accounting in her business. The activity from this business is reported on Form 1040, Schedule C, Forms 4562 and 8829. The net income from this business is considered self-employment income.
Consider the case of the International Islamic Fund (IF) which invests only in sukuks. Below are the details of its investments and return on the investments. The fund manager invested in 152 Mudaraba Sukuks with a profit share of 69%. The value of each Mudaraba Sukuks is AED 70,063. Furthermore, the fund manaegr holds 30% share in 502 Musharaka Sukuks. The profit share of the mushsaraka suku is 11% and each sukuk is valued AED 42,025. Suppose, each of the Mudaraba Sukuks generated a profit of AED 26,114 over the holding period, whereas, the value of Musharaka Sukuks went down by 46 % over the holding period. What is the percentage return for IIF over the holding period?
The percentage return for IIF over the holding period is 243.30%.
In order to determine the percentage return for the International Islamic Fund (IIF) over the holding period, the following formulas will be applied:
Mudaraba Sukuks = Number of Sukuks × Value of each Sukuk × Profit share
Profit for Mudaraba Sukuks = Number of Sukuks × Value of each Sukuk × Profit per Sukuk
Musharaka Sukuks = Number of Sukuks × Value of each Sukuk × Profit share
Profit for Musharaka Sukuks = Number of Sukuks × Value of each Sukuk × (Profit per Sukuk - 46%)
Percentage return = Profit / Initial Investment
Firstly, calculate the investment in Mudaraba Sukuks:
Number of Mudaraba Sukuks = 152
Value of each Mudaraba Sukuk = AED 70,063
Profit share of Mudaraba Sukuk = 69%
Therefore, Investment in Mudaraba Sukuks = 152 × AED 70,063 × 69/100 = AED 7,234,359.84
Calculate the profit generated from Mudaraba Sukuks:
Number of Mudaraba Sukuks = 152
Value of each Mudaraba Sukuk = AED 70,063
Profit per Mudaraba Sukuk = AED 26,114
Therefore, Profit from Mudaraba Sukuks = 152 × AED 70,063 × AED 26,114 = AED 2,022,466,888
Next, calculate the investment in Musharaka Sukuks
:Number of Musharaka Sukuks = 502
Value of each Musharaka Sukuk = AED 42,025
Profit share of Musharaka Sukuk = 11%
Therefore, Investment in Musharaka Sukuks = 502 × AED 42,025 × 30/100 = AED 635,795.50
Calculate the profit generated from Musharaka Sukuks:
Number of Musharaka Sukuks = 502
Value of each Musharaka Sukuk = AED 42,025
Profit per Musharaka Sukuk = -46%
Therefore, Profit from Musharaka Sukuks = 502 × AED 42,025 × (11/100 - 46/100) = -AED 104,766,187.50
Total Profit for IIF over the holding period = AED 2,022,466,888 + (-AED 104,766,187.50) = AED 1,917,700,700.50
Calculate the percentage return for IIF over the holding period:
Total Investment for IIF over the holding period = AED 7,234,359.84 + AED 635,795.50 = AED 7,870,155.34Percentage return = Total Profit / Total Investment × 100%
= AED 1,917,700,700.50 / AED 7,870,155.34 × 100% = 243.30%
Therefore, the percentage return for IIF over the holding period is 243.30%.
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You have the best chance of getting your money back from
happened?
You didn't authorize the payment.
You called the police..
You were using a secure connection.
You did authorize the payment.
If you want to increase your chance of getting your money back, you should report the unauthorized transaction as soon as possible. You might be able to get a refund from your bank or credit card issuer if you are able to prove that the transaction was not authorized by you and that you did not benefit from it.
In order to get your money back, you will have to take the following steps.Report the transaction to your bank or credit card issuer immediately:
Contact your bank or credit card issuer and report the unauthorized transaction as soon as possible. The bank or credit card issuer will likely block the card to prevent further unauthorized transactions. You may also be asked to provide a written statement regarding the unauthorized transaction.Provide proof that you didn’t make the transaction: You may have to provide proof that you didn’t make the transaction. You can show that you were in a different location at the time of the transaction, or you can provide evidence that you did not benefit from the transaction.Ensure the transaction wasn’t authorized: If you authorized the transaction, you may not be able to get a refund. If you are not sure whether you authorized the transaction, check your bank or credit card statement to see if you recognize the transaction. If you did authorize the transaction, but didn’t receive the goods or services, you can contact the merchant to resolve the issue.Use a secure connection: When making purchases online, use a secure connection. Avoid making purchases on public Wi-Fi networks.Calling the police: If you believe that the unauthorized transaction was a result of identity theft, you may need to file a police report. This report can be used as evidence when filing a dispute with your bank or credit card issuer.For more such questions on money
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which one of the following defines the core value of critical reading in the rhetorical analysis process?
The core value of critical reading in the rhetorical analysis process is to identify the author's purpose, audience, and message. Therefore, the correct option that defines the core value of critical reading in the rhetorical analysis process is to identify the author's purpose, audience, and message (option d).
Rhetorical analysis is the process of examining the text closely to determine its meaning and analyze the strategies used by the author to achieve his purpose. To do a rhetorical analysis, it is necessary to practice critical reading, which is the ability to evaluate and analyze a text objectively and systematically. The core value of critical reading in the rhetorical analysis process is to identify the author's purpose, audience, and message.
Critical reading helps the reader to understand the text's content, tone, style, and structure and how they relate to the author's purpose. It also helps to identify the author's intended audience and how the message is communicated to them.To perform a successful rhetorical analysis, the reader must have strong critical reading skills. The reader should read the text carefully, consider the text's context, and identify the rhetorical devices used by the author to convey his message. The correct option is d.
The complete question is:
which one of the following defines the core value of critical reading in the rhetorical analysis process?
a) the author's purpose
b) audience
c) message
d) All of the above
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4 Judith has recently taken out a mortage for $175,000 at a rate of 3.2%, compounded semi-annually, with an amortization period of 22 years. How much interest will she pay in the 40th month? Her payments are monthly. A $401 B $493 C $508 D $414
The interest that Judith will pay in the 40th month is approximately $2,158.17 (Option D).The mortgage is $175,000 at a rate of 3.2%, compounded semi-annually, with an amortization period of 22 years and payments made monthly.
We need to calculate the interest that Judith will pay in the 40th month.Calculation of monthly interest rate.Since the interest rate is compounded semi-annually, we need to calculate the equivalent semi-annual interest rate first.r = 3.2%/2 = 1.6% p.a.
The monthly interest rate, i is given as:i = r/12= 1.6%/12= 0.0133.Calculation of the payment amount.We will use the loan amount, rate, and amortization period to calculate the monthly payment using the formula:PMT = P × (r/n) / (1 − (1 + r/n)−nt)where,P = Principal amount of the loan, r = Interest rate, n = Number of payments per year, t = Total number of payments.
For Judith's mortgage,P = $175,000r = 3.2% / 2 = 1.6% p.a.n = 12 (since the payments are monthly)t = 22 × 12 = 264PMT = $876.54.Interest paid in the 40th month.
To calculate the interest paid in the 40th month, we will use the formula for the monthly interest component of an amortizing loan:Interest component = Principal amount × Monthly interest rate.
For the 40th month, the principal amount outstanding is the present value of the remaining payments over the loan term.
This can be calculated using the formula for the present value of an annuity:PV = PMT × (1 − (1 + i)−n)/iHere,n = 22 × 12 − 40 = 244 (total number of payments - number of payments already made)PV = $175,000 × (1 − (1 + 0.0133)−244) / 0.0133 = $162,415.85.Therefore,Interest component in the 40th month = $162,415.85 × 0.0133 = $2,158.17.The interest that Judith will pay in the 40th month is approximately $2,158.17 (Option D).
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