Payments of $1,300 in 1 year and another $2,100 in 4 years to settle a loan are to be rescheduled with a payment of $900 in 12 months and the balance in 24 months. Calculate the payment required in 24 months for the rescheduled option to settle the loan if money earns 6.3% compounded semi-annually during the above periods.

Round to the nearest cent

The reason why cartels often break down is that each member of a cartel has an incentive to "cheat" on the collusive agreement by producing more than its share when everyone else sticks with the agreement.

The correct answer is d. Each member of a cartel has an incentive to "cheat" on the collusive agreement by producing more than its share when everyone else sticks with the collusive agreement. This is known as the "cheating incentive" or the "prisoner's dilemma" in game theory.

In a cartel, firms agree to restrict their output and raise prices collectively, leading to higher profits for all members. However, individual firms have an incentive to deviate from the agreement and increase their production levels in order to capture a larger market share and gain a competitive advantage. By doing so, they can sell more and potentially earn higher profits than if they adhered to the agreed-upon output levels.

The problem arises because each firm faces the temptation to cheat, knowing that if all other firms stick to the agreement, it can increase its profits by producing more. However, if all firms succumb to this temptation and increase their production, the market becomes oversupplied, prices decrease, and profits decline for all cartel members.

This inherent conflict of interest between individual gain and collective cooperation makes it difficult for cartels to maintain stability over the long term. The self-interest of each member often undermines the effectiveness of the collusive agreement, leading to breakdowns and the erosion of cartel power.

Additionally, external factors such as changes in market conditions, new entrants, or regulatory actions can also disrupt cartel operations. When a cartel becomes profitable, it attracts the attention of other firms seeking to capture a share of the market. This increased competition can undermine the cartel's control over prices and output, further destabilizing the collusive agreement.

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12. The carbon emissions (or CO₂  equivalents) from transport services (messenger and armored truck) are  is 32.1 metric tons.

13. According to the Dauncey conversion factors, the carbon emissions (or CO₂ equivalents) from the Bank's paper use are 31.6 metric tons.

14. According to the EDF conversion factors, the carbon emissions (or CO₂  equivalents) from the Bank's paper use are 23.3 metric tons.

15. The emissions numbers from paper based on the EDF conversion factors should be used, and double counting is a potential problem because it can result in overstated emission figures.

Double counting is when carbon emissions are counted more than once due to a failure to account for upstream emissions.

This can happen when a company includes emissions from its supply chain or transport in its own inventory without considering whether those emissions have already been included in another company's inventory.

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The following is the best illustration of a monopolistic competitor a non-slip yoga mat manufacturer.

The option (A) is correct.

A monopolistic competitor alludes to a business that offers a comparative yet special item or administration. They offer separation while as yet serving a more modest market specialty. The business might charge a superior value due to the uniqueness of its item or administration.

For this situation, a nonslip yoga mat maker delivers a specific item that contrasts with those of its rivals. The clients of this market specialty might follow through on the top-notch cost given the additional worth of the separated item or administration.

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The marginal propensity to spend on national income, z, is 0.78.

In economics, the marginal propensity to spend (MPS) refers to the amount by which a change in disposable income causes a change in household spending, while the marginal propensity to save (MPS) refers to the amount by which a change in disposable income causes a change in household savings.

The MPS is given by the change in consumption resulting from a unit change in income. The formula to calculate the MPS is:

MPS = ΔC/ΔY

Where:

C = Consumption

Y = Income

The equations of the given macro model are:

C=150+0.78YI=400G=750T=0X=120IM=0.07Y

The consumption equation in the model is C=150+0.78Y

Therefore, the marginal propensity to spend (MPS) is given by the formula

:MPS = ΔC/ΔY

The derivative of the consumption function with respect to income is:

MPS = dC/dY

Taking the derivative of C=150+0.78Y with respect to Y results in:

MPS = 0.78

Hence, the marginal propensity to spend on national income, z, is 0.78.

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EPS = $2ROE

= 0.1777

Growth rate (g) = Retention rate * ROE80% * 0.1777

= 0.14216

Intrinsic value can be calculated using the Gordon growth model which is given as, Intrinsic value

(P) = D1 / (k - g)

Where,

D1 = Expected dividend per share

= EPS *

Payout ratio= $2 * (1 - 0.8)

= $0.4k

= Required rate of return

= 11%

= 0.11g

= Growth rate

= 0.14216

By substituting these values in the above formula, we get, Intrinsic value

(P) = 0.4 / (0.11 - 0.14216)

= $16.10

Therefore, the intrinsic value of the stock is $16.10 if the required return is 11%. Intrinsic value of a stock is the actual value of a stock which can be estimated by using the fundamental analysis. The Gordon growth model is one of the models that can be used to estimate the intrinsic value of the stock. The Gordon growth model is based on the assumption of constant dividend growth rate. The intrinsic value of the stock can be calculated as the present value of all future cash flows.

The formula for the Gordon growth model is as follows, Intrinsic value

(P) = D1 / (k - g)

Where,

D1 = Expected dividend per share

k = Required rate of return

g = Growth rate

Given,

Expected EPS = $2RO

E = 0.1777

Growth rate (g) = Retention rate *

ROE80% * 0.1777 = 0.14216

The payout ratio can be calculated as follows,

Payout ratio = 1  

Retention rate= 1 - 0.8 = 0.2

The expected dividend per share (D1) can be calculated as follows,

D1 = EPS *

Payout ratio= $2 *

(1 - 0.8) = $0.4

The required rate of return (k) is 11% or 0.11.The intrinsic value of the stock (P) can be calculated as follows, Intrinsic value

(P) = D1 / (

k - g) = 0.4

(0.11 - 0.14216) = $16.10

Therefore, the intrinsic value of the stock is $16.10 if the required return is 11%.

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(a) Journal entry for the purchase of the investment:

In the first step, Sandhill Company purchased $69,000 of the 8%, 5-year bonds of Chester Corporation as a held-to-maturity investment. The purchase price was $63,768, which provides a 10% return.

In the journal entry for the purchase of the investment (a), the Held-to-Maturity Investment account is debited for $63,768, representing the cost of the bonds. The Cash account is credited for the same amount, indicating the cash outflow for the purchase.

In the journal entry for the receipt of annual interest and discount amortization (b), the Interest Receivable account is debited for $5,520, representing the annual interest income earned on the investment. The Discount Amortization account is debited for $732, which represents the amortization of the discount on the bonds using the effective-interest method. Finally, the Cash account is credited for $4,788, reflecting the actual cash received from the interest payment after discount amortization.

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The statement "Frictional unemployment is unemployment caused by a business cycle recession" and "Frictional unemployment is long-term unemployment" is false.

Frictional unemployment represents a category of unemployment arising when individuals find themselves in transition between job positions.

This form of unemployment frequently emerges when individuals voluntarily leave their current employment to seek new opportunities or when newcomers enter the workforce. Frictional unemployment is an inherent facet of a robust economy, characterized by its transitory nature.

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Only manufacturing costs that change in total with changes in production level are included in product costs is true regarding variable costing. The correct option is b.

A different approach to costing called variable costing only takes into account the variable manufacturing costs when calculating product costs. These expenses fluctuate in direct proportion to shifts in the level of production. Under variable costing, fixed manufacturing costs like overhead are treated as period expenses rather than product costs.

This method gives a clearer picture of cost behavior and makes it possible to analyze the effects of production volume on profitability more effectively. When used for managerial reporting and decision making, variable costing offers helpful insights into the relationships between cost volume profit and contribution margins. The correct option is b.

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The most important output of the accounting cycle is the preparation of financial statements. Yes, all companies have an accounting cycle.

Financial statements are the primary outcome of the accounting cycle. They provide a comprehensive summary of a company's financial performance and position. These statements include the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement, which collectively offer crucial information to stakeholders for decision-making purposes. The income statement displays the revenues, expenses, and net income or loss over a specific period.

The accounting cycle is a fundamental process that all companies, regardless of their size or industry, follow. It involves a series of steps to record, analyze, and report financial transactions. These steps typically include identifying and analyzing transactions, journalizing them, posting to the general ledger, preparing trial balances, making adjusting entries, generating financial statements, and closing the books.

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The total number of miles driven daily by the truck is 230 miles. The annual cost of the truck delivery system is $25,167.50.

The distance between different neighbor sites is given in the table below: [tex]\\\begin{matrix}&0&1&2&3&4\\0&&20&30&40&50\\1&20&&15&25&35\\2&30&15&&30&20\\3&40&25&30&&50\\4&50&35&20&50&\\\end{matrix}[/tex]

The current delivery route of the truck is 0-1-0-2-0-3-0-4-0.

The truck picks up the required number of pallets from the factory, delivers them, and then returns to the factory to get the papers for the next customer.

 We can solve this problem using the Chinese Postman Problem (CPP) algorithm. We can begin by constructing the complete graph of all the neighbors using the given distances. The current route of the truck is 0-1-0-2-0-3-0-4-0. This route visits each neighbor only once. Hence, it is already a CPP solution.

Therefore, the optimal route to deliver the newspapers to each of the live neighbor sites for the Naples Newspaper is 0-1-0-2-0-3-0-4-0.

The total number of miles driven daily by the truck is 20 + 20 + 30 + 30 + 40 + 40 + 50 = 230 miles.

The cost of diesel fuel per gallon is $3.00.

The truck gets 10 miles per gallon. Hence, the cost of diesel fuel per mile is $3.00 / 10 = $0.3. The truck operates 365 days per year.

Hence, the annual cost of the truck delivery system is $0.3 * 230 * 365 = $25,167.50.

Therefore, the optimal route to deliver the newspapers to each of the live neighbor sites for the Naples Newspaper is 0-1-0-2-0-3-0-4-0.

The total number of miles driven daily by the truck is 230 miles.

The annual cost of the truck delivery system is $25,167.50.

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a. The cost of not taking a cash discount is 24.69%.

b. The effective rate of interest on the bank loan is 26.67%.

Cost of not taking a cash discount = d / 100 * 360 / (f - d)

Where:

d = cash discount percentage

f = number of days to pay the bill without taking the discount

d = number of days to pay the bill with the discount

In this case, d = 2%, f = 60 days, and d = 19 days. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:

Cost of not taking a cash discount = 2 / 100 * 360 / (60 - 19) = 24.69%

The effective rate of interest on the bank loan, we use the following formula:

Effective rate of interest = (i + (1 - r) * C) * 360 / 365

Where:

i = stated interest rate

r = compensating balance percentage

C = compensating balance requirement

In this case, i = 24%, r = 11%, and C = 11%.

Plugging these values into the formula, we get:

Effective rate of interest = (24 + (1 - 11) * 11) * 360 / 365 = 26.67%

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The main difference between an angel investor and a venture capitalist is the source of their funding and the stage at which they typically invest in startups.

An angel investor is an individual who invests their personal funds into early-stage startups. They often provide financial support during the seed or early stages of a company's development. Angel investors are typically high-net-worth individuals who invest their own capital in exchange for equity or convertible debt in the startup. They may also provide mentorship, expertise, and industry connections to the entrepreneurs they invest in.

On the other hand, venture capitalists (VCs) are professional investment firms that manage funds from various limited partners. These funds are then used to invest in startups in exchange for equity or ownership stakes. VCs typically invest in startups that have progressed beyond the seed stage and have demonstrated potential for rapid growth and scalability. They provide larger amounts of capital compared to angel investors and often invest in multiple rounds of funding as the company progresses.

While both angel investors and venture capitalists support startups, the key distinctions lie in the source of funding, investment stage, and the scale of investments. Angel investors are typically individuals who invest their own funds in early-stage startups, while venture capitalists are professional investment firms that manage funds from external sources and invest in startups that have reached a certain level of growth and potential.

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Certificates representing bundles of stock of a non-U.S. firm are called Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs).

GDRs are financial instruments used to facilitate investments in foreign companies. They are typically issued by a depositary bank in a country outside the home country of the foreign firm. GDRs allow investors to indirectly hold shares in the non-U.S. company and trade them in international markets.

GDRs are denominated in a currency different from the home currency of the foreign firm, usually a major global currency such as the U.S. dollar or euro. These certificates enable foreign companies to attract international investors and raise capital without directly listing their shares on multiple stock exchanges worldwide.

Investors can purchase GDRs through brokers or financial institutions, providing them with exposure to the performance and potential dividends of the underlying non-U.S. company's stock. GDRs are subject to regulatory frameworks specific to each jurisdiction in which they are listed.

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At primary level we do "experience" reality. The correct answer is Option A: primary level.

The primary level is the level at which we directly experience reality through our senses. It is the most concrete and tangible level of the ladder of abstraction. At this level, we observe and interact with the physical world, perceiving objects, events, and phenomena through our senses. Concrete representations of constructs are found at this primary level because they are directly observable and experienced in the physical realm.

As we move up the ladder of abstraction to higher levels, such as the secondary level, empirical level, and abstract level, the representations become more abstract and removed from direct sensory experience. Therefore, the primary level is where we find the concrete representations of constructs and where we experience reality firsthand.

Option A is the correct answer.

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(A) To solve for the monopsonist equilibrium in city A, we need to find the quantity of labor (LA) and the wage rate (WA) that equate the monopsonist's marginal cost of labor (MCL) with the labor supply and labor demand.

1. Monopsonist equilibrium in city A:

To find the monopsonist equilibrium, we equate MCL with labor supply:

Simplifying the equation:

Now we can substitute the value of LA into the labor demand equation to find the wage rate:

Therefore, in the monopsonist equilibrium in city A, the quantity of labor demanded (LA) is 1, and the wage rate (WA) is 20.

To find the competitive equilibrium in city A, we equate labor supply with labor demand:

Simplifying the equation:

Now we can substitute the value of LA into the labor demand equation to find the wage rate:

Therefore, in the competitive equilibrium in city A, the quantity of labor demanded (LA) is 2.75, and the wage rate (WA) is 11.25.

Comparing the two equilibria:

(B) Given a minimum wage of wmin = 12, we need to compare it with the equilibrium wage rate in city A to determine the new equilibrium.

Therefore, in this case, since the minimum wage of 12 is higher than the equilibrium wage rate in the competitive market, it will not affect the equilibrium, and the labor market will continue to operate at the competitive equilibrium with LA = 2.75 and WA = 11.25.

Please note that the calculations and conclusions provided are based on the given information and assumptions about the labor market in city A.

Labor is everyone who is able to do work in order to produce goods and or products and services both to meet the needs of themselves and the community.

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The answer is option C.

Explanation :

Westpac issuing a 90-day negotiable certificate of deposit (NCD) with a face value of 3,000,000 and a yield of 3% per annum to CSL Limited, the Biotechnology company is an example of both a money market and a primary market transaction.

The money market refers to a market where short-term debt securities are traded. The primary market is a market where securities are issued for the first time. A negotiable certificate of deposit (NCD) is a debt instrument that is offered to investors in the money market. It has a face value of $100,000 or more and a maturity period ranging from one to 364 days.

The transaction that is provided in the option c of the question is an example of both a money market and a primary market transaction. Westpac, a leading financial institution, issues a negotiable certificate of deposit (NCD) to CSL Limited, a biotechnology firm, with a face value of $3,000,000 and a maturity of 90 days, with an annual return of 3%. The transaction is considered a primary market transaction since

Westpac is issuing the NCD for the first time, and it is a money market transaction because the NCD is traded in the money market.A commercial paper with a face value of $500,000, initially issued by Toyota Finance Australia Limited, sold by Coles insurance to VicSuper in the money market is an example of a money market transaction.

Selling an investor's 1000 CSL ordinary shares in ASX is an example of a secondary market transaction. Ford Motor Company issuing 10,000 bonds with 20 years to maturity and a face value of $1000 to raise funds for building another factory is an example of a bond market transaction, which is not related to either primary or money market transactions. Therefore, the answer is option C.

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The correct option among the given options is the option (b).Explanation:Share Premium AccountThe Share Premium Account (SPA) is a sort of reserve account thatover the nominal value of shares at the time of issuance of shares.

It is also considered as a part of the share capital of the company. The share premium account is represented on the asset side of the balance sheet under the head "Reserves and Surplus".The share premium account is created by issuing shares at a price that is more than the face value of the shares. As a result of issuing shares at a price higher than the face value of shares, the company can receive funds as a premium.

However, the company cannot use these funds to declare dividends or for the purpose of paying back loans, debts, or expenses. The share premium account of a company can be used only for specific purposes as defined under the Companies Act, 2013. Therefore, the given option (b) is correct.In option (a), it is stated that the share premium account represents part of the company's reserves.

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None of the answers is correct for a corporation with taxable net income of $400,000.

Hence, the correct option is a.

Apply the following formula to determine the corporation's taxable income: Adjusted Gross Income less All Allowable Deductions equals Taxable Income. To calculate the corporation tax obligation, multiply the taxable revenue by the corporation tax percentage. A tax on a corporation's net income or profits is known as a corporate tax.

A company's taxable income, which includes revenue after deductions for things like cost of goods sold (COGS), general and administrative (G&A) costs, selling and marketing, depreciation, research and development, etc., is what is taxed by the government. The net income or profit that businesses produce from their operations is taxed directly as part of the corporation tax system.

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Consider a trader who takes a long position in a six-month futures contract on the euro. The forward rate is $1.75 = €1.00; the contract size is €62,500. At the maturity of the contract the spot exchange rate is $1.65 = €1.00. The correct option is "d. The trader has lost $66,287.88."

In this scenario, the trader takes a long position in a futures contract on the euro, which means the trader agrees to buy euros at a specified price in the future. The forward rate is $1.75 = €1.00, and the contract size is €62,500. At the maturity of the contract, the spot exchange rate is $1.65 = €1.00.

To calculate the trader's loss, we need to compare the forward rate with the spot exchange rate. The difference between the two rates multiplied by the contract size will give us the loss.

The difference between the forward rate and the spot exchange rate is $1.75 - $1.65 = $0.10. Multiplying this by the contract size of €62,500 gives us $0.10 * €62,500 = $6,250.

However, since the trader takes a long position, the loss is incurred by the trader. Therefore, the trader has lost $6,250.

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If Mr. Schrute prepares a contribution margin income statement for the month of June, his operating income is D. $137,700.

Contribution margin income statement for the month of June:

Sales revenue = 600 generators x $750 = $450,000

Variable costs: Cost of goods sold = 600 generators x $470 = $282,000

Sales commission = 5% x $450,000 = $22,500

Total variable costs = $282,000 + $22,500 = $304,500 Contribution margin = $450,000 - $304,500

= $145,500

Fixed costs: Rent = $6,000

Salaries = $1,800 Total fixed costs = $6,000 + $1,800 = $7,800 Operating income = $145,500 - $7,800

= $137,700

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Schrute Farm Sales buys portable generators for $470 and sells them for $750 He pays a sales commission of 5% of sales revenue to his sales staff. Mr. Schrute pays $6000 a month rent for his store, and also pays $1800 a month to his staff in addition to the commissions. Mr. Schrute sold 600 generators in June. If Mr. Schrute prepares a contribution margin income statement for the month of June, what would be his operating income?

Select one:

A. $304,500

B. $450,000

C. $153,300

D. $137,700

The statements that indicate a disadvantage of using the regular payback period for capital budgeting decisions are: The payback period is calculated using net income instead of cash flows, and The payback period does not take the time value of money into account.

The regular payback period is a simple capital budgeting technique that measures the time it takes for a project to recoup its initial investment based on the expected future cash inflows.

However, it has several disadvantages compared to the discounted payback period, which considers the time value of money.

Firstly, the regular payback period is calculated using net income instead of cash flows.

This can be a disadvantage as net income includes non-cash items such as depreciation and may not accurately reflect the actual cash inflows and outflows of the project.

Cash flows are more important in assessing a project's liquidity and ability to generate cash.

Secondly, the regular payback period does not take the project's entire life into account. It only considers the time it takes to recover the initial investment, ignoring the cash flows beyond that point.

This can be a drawback as it fails to provide a comprehensive analysis of the project's profitability and financial performance throughout its entire duration.

Lastly, the regular payback period does not consider the time value of money.

It does not account for the fact that money received in the future is less valuable than money received in the present due to inflation and the opportunity cost of capital.

By ignoring the time value of money, the regular payback period fails to provide an accurate measure of the project's true profitability and investment attractiveness.

In summary, the regular payback period has disadvantages in that it uses net income instead of cash flows, does not consider the project's entire life, and does not account for the time value of money.

These limitations make it less suitable for making informed capital budgeting decisions compared to the discounted payback period or other techniques that incorporate these factors.

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The absolute value of the price elasticity of demand is 1.5. The absolute value of the price elasticity of demand can be calculated using the following formula:

Price Elasticity of Demand = (Percentage Change in Quantity Demanded) / (Percentage Change in Price)

Given that the price of tennis balls rises by 8% and the quantity demanded decreases by 12%, we can substitute these values into the formula:

Percentage Change in Quantity Demanded = -12%

Percentage Change in Price = 8%

Price Elasticity of Demand = (-12%) / (8%) = -1.5

Since we are interested in the absolute value of the price elasticity of demand, the answer is 1.5.

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To answer the questions, we need to go through each transaction and calculate the relevant values. Here are the answers to each question:

1. Journal entry to record raw materials used in production:

  Work in Process        $598,000

    Raw Materials                $598,000

2. Ending balance in Raw Materials:

  Beginning balance   $ 72,500

  Add: Raw materials purchased   $628,000

  Less: Raw materials used   $598,000

  Ending balance   $102,500

3. Journal entry to record labor costs incurred during the year:

  Work in Process        $570,000

    Salaries Payable                $570,000

4. Total amount of manufacturing overhead applied to production during the year:

  Overhead applied per direct labor-hour: $15.50

  Direct labor-hours worked: 41,000

  Manufacturing overhead applied = $15.50 x 41,000 = $635,500

5. Total manufacturing cost added to Work in Process during the year:

  Direct materials used: $598,000

  Direct labor: $570,000

  Applied manufacturing overhead: $635,500

  Total manufacturing cost added: $1,803,500

6. Journal entry to record the transfer of completed jobs:

  Work in Process        $1,717,900

    Finished Goods               $1,717,900

7. Ending balance in Work in Process:

  Beginning balance   $ 18,200

  Add: Total manufacturing cost added   $1,803,500

  Less: Cost of completed jobs   $1,717,900

  Ending balance   $103,800

8. Total amount of actual manufacturing overhead cost incurred during the year:

  Actual manufacturing overhead cost incurred: $470,000

9. Manufacturing overhead underapplied or overapplied for the year:

  Actual manufacturing overhead cost incurred: $470,000

  Applied manufacturing overhead: $635,500

  Underapplied manufacturing overhead: $165,500

10. Cost of goods available for sale during the year:

   Cost of completed jobs: $1,727,900

   Ending balance in Finished Goods: $0

   Cost of goods available for sale: $1,727,900

11. Journal entry to record the cost of goods sold:

   Cost of Goods Sold   $1,727,900

     Finished Goods             $1,727,900

12. Ending balance in Finished Goods:

   Beginning balance   $ 46,500

   Less: Cost of goods sold   $1,727,900

   Ending balance   $0

13. Adjusted cost of goods sold for the year:

   Cost of goods sold: $1,727,900

   Underapplied manufacturing overhead: $165,500

   Adjusted cost of goods sold: $1,893,400

14. Gross margin for the year:

   Sales: $3,225,000

   Cost of goods sold: $1,893,400

   Gross margin: $1,331,600

15. Net operating income for the year:

   Gross margin: $1,331,600

   Operating expenses: $418,000 + $266,000 = $684,000

   Net operating income: $1,331,600 - $684,000 = $647,600

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If Mary Corens borrowed $12000 in student loans at an annual interest rate of 9% and repays $1500 per year it will take 8 years to repay the loan.

Given that Mary Corens borrowed $12,000 at an annual interest rate of 9% and is repaying $1,500 per year. The formula to find the number of years to repay a loan amount is given by:

PMT = (PV * r) / (1 - (1 + r) ^ (-n))

Where PV is the present value of the loan (the amount borrowed), r is the annual interest rate, n is the number of years it will take to repay the loan, and PMT is the fixed payment made each year to repay the loan.

Using this formula, we can find the value of n as follows:

PMT = (PV * r) / (1 - (1 + r) ^ (-n))

Solving for n:

(PV * r) / PMT = 1 - (1 + r) ^ (-n)

(PV * r) / PMT - 1 = -(1 + r) ^ (-n)

1 - (PV * r) / PMT = (1 + r) ^ (-n)

(1 - (PV * r) / PMT) ^ (-1) = (1 + r) ^ n

Taking log on both sides, we get:

n = log [(1 - (PV * r) / PMT) ^ (-1)] / log (1 + r)

n = log [(1 + (12,000 * 0.09) / 1,500) ^ (-1)] / log (1 + 0.09)

n = log [(1 + 0.09) ^ (-1)] / log (1.09)

n = log (0.9174) / log (1.09)

n ≈ 8.43

Thus, it will take Mary approximately 8 years to repay the loan. To the nearest year, the answer is 8.

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The utility maximisation point or the consumer equilibrium are other names for the optimal bundle. This is a combo of two products that offers you a specific usefulness for the least amount of money. The combination that gives you the most usefulness for your money might also be considered.

To determine the consumption bundle that maximises utility, you must first understand that this consumption bundle is one where the slope of the budget line (Px/Py) in absolute value terms equals the slope of the indifference curve (MUx/MUy). Since you are aware that MUx = Y and MUy = X, MUx/MUy = Y/X.

A combination of two items in different quantities that gives a person equal satisfaction (utility) is represented by an indifference curve. It's utilised.

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The apparel industry's complex supply chains, fast fashion culture, and the need for substantial investments make sustainability a difficult issue to address effectively.

The impact of blue jeans on sustainability is significant. The production of denim material requires large amounts of water and contributes to chemical runoff, which can have adverse effects on the environment, particularly water sources.

Additionally, the apparel industry, including denim production, is known to produce a substantial amount of carbon dioxide emissions. In this case, Levi Strauss aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% in its supply chain, recognizing the need to address the environmental impact of its factories worldwide.

By implementing energy-efficiency programs and committing to renewable energy, Levi's seeks to mitigate its carbon footprint and set an example for other retailers.

Sustainability is a challenging issue in the apparel industry for several reasons. First, the industry operates on a global scale, with complex and fragmented supply chains involving multiple tiers of suppliers.

It can be difficult for companies to trace the origins of raw materials and ensure sustainable practices throughout the entire supply chain. Lack of transparency and visibility into lower tiers of suppliers poses challenges in addressing sustainability effectively.

Second, fast fashion and the demand for quick turnover of trendy clothing exacerbate the sustainability issue. Fast fashion promotes a culture of disposable clothing, leading to increased production, waste generation, and environmental degradation. Balancing consumer demands for affordability, variety, and speed with sustainable practices is a constant challenge for the industry.

Lastly, implementing sustainable practices often requires significant investments in technology, infrastructure, and supplier partnerships. These investments may not yield immediate financial returns, making it challenging for companies to justify the costs in the short term.

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Case 11: Levi's Move to Sustainability Levi Strauss is launching an effort to slash the environmental impact of the factories world-wide that make its apparel, reports The Wall Street Journal(Aug. 1, 2018). By 2025, the denim brand wants to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 40% in its supply chain, a sprawling set of 580 third- party factories and mills in 39 countries. The company will start by implementing energy- efficiency programs at 60 of the factories and mills that represent the biggest share of both production volume and carbon footprint. Many of those factories also produce apparel for other retailers, and Levi's wants to set an example for its peers. "We want to have an outsize impact beyond our own footprint," says Levi's VP-Sustainability. Across many industries, support has been growing for broader, collective efforts to address sustainability in supply chains. Common standards across supplier networks are more likely to stick than varying targets for different vendors. (The British research journal Nature says apparel production is "one of the world's most polluting industries," producing about 1.2 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide annually). As part of the new sustainability push, Levi is also committing to use 100% renewable energy and reduce emissions by 90% in its own facilities. But changing practices at its supplier factories will have more of an impact. Stand.earth, an environmental group that launched a campaign against the denim-maker last year called "Too Dirty to Wear," applauded the Levi's move. But it said it also wants to see the company commit to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 60% to 70% by 2050. It can be extremely difficult for companies to calculate their total carbon emissions because the true impact stretches beyond the factories to raw materials providers and transport operations. The basic production of denim material also uses large amounts of water and produces chemical runoff. "When they say supply chain," says an MIT prof, I'd ask, 'How deep? If it's tier 1, do you even know your tier 2, 3, 4, or 5 suppliers?" Self thought provoking questions: 1. Discuss the impact of blue jeans on sustainability. 2. Why is sustainability such a difficult issue in the apparel industry?

According to the mean-variance criterion, investment C (E(r) = 0.25; Variance = 0.20) dominates the others. The correct answer is option (C).According to Markowitz portfolio theory, the optimal risky portfolio refers to all portfolios that lie on the efficient frontier. The correct answer is option (D).

According to the mean-variance criterion in portfolio theory, an investor seeks to maximize expected return while minimizing portfolio variance. In this case, we can determine the investment that dominates the others by comparing the combinations of expected return (E(r)) and variance.

Looking at the given options:

A. E(r) = 0.15; Variance = 0.20

B. E(r) = 0.10; Variance = 0.20

C. E(r) = 0.25; Variance = 0.20

D. E(r) = 0.10; Variance = 0.25

E. E(r) = 0.15; Variance = 0.25

Among these options, investment C (E(r) = 0.25; Variance = 0.20) dominates the others. It offers the highest expected return with the same level of variance as the other options. Hence , the right answer is option (C).

Regarding the optimal risky portfolio according to Markowitz portfolio theory, it refers to the efficient portfolio that lies on the efficient frontier. The efficient frontier represents the set of portfolios that offer the highest expected return for a given level of risk (variance). Therefore, option (D) states that the optimal risky portfolio refers to all portfolios that lie on the efficient frontier.

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Among the following given options, the following is NOT a risk for a firm pursuing a first-mover advantage; It will cost your company more capital to develop and market the product than the costs rivals will face to compete later on.

The correct answer to the given question is option 3.

Here, we will discuss the reasons as to why this is not considered as a risk. Explanation: First mover advantage is a strategy that is used by firms when they aim to enter a new market or develop a new product or technology. In this case, the first firm to develop such new products or technologies gains an advantage over its competitors, as it can create a large customer base and brand name before others enter the market.

The benefits of first-mover advantages are;Building brand recognition Building customer loyalty Higher profits than the industry average However, there are some risks involved with a firm pursuing a first-mover advantage, they are;The firm may not have a dominant position in this new market sector Consumers may not like the firm's new product line/technology Other companies can evaluate the firm's strategy and learn from its success and failures.

The firm will need to commit to injecting enough resources to fully develop its technology and product line.Out of the above-mentioned risks, the cost of development and marketing is not considered as a risk. This is because, for a first mover, the capital invested will be used to develop new products or technology.

This, in turn, will give the firm the first-mover advantage, and the investment can be earned back in the future in the form of higher profits than the industry average. Thus, the cost of development and marketing is not considered a risk for a firm pursuing a first-mover advantage.

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The optimum crashing plan is to crash activity B, resulting in a total crashing cost of $120 and a project duration of 24 days.

To construct an activity-on-node (AON) precedence diagram, we can represent the activities as nodes and the dependencies as arrows between the nodes. The table provides the necessary information for constructing the diagram:

Activity A: Duration = 10 days, Immediate Predecessor = None.

Activity B: Duration = 4 days, Immediate Predecessor = None.

Activity C: Duration = 7 days, Immediate Predecessor = B.

Activity D: Duration = 2 days, Immediate Predecessor = A, C.

Activity E: Duration = 3 days, Immediate Predecessor = A, C.

Activity F: Duration = 8 days, Immediate Predecessor = B.

Activity G: Duration = 5 days, Immediate Predecessor = D.

Activity H: Duration = 6 days, Immediate Predecessor = E, F.

Based on the information, the AON diagram would look like this:

scss

Copy code

  A (10)

 /        \

B (4)     C (7)

|          |

F (8)     D (2)

|          |

 \        /

   G (5)

    |

   H (6)

b) To determine the optimum crashing plan, we need to find the activities that, when crashed, result in the least additional cost to achieve the target project duration.

Using the crash times provided in the table, we can identify the critical path by selecting the longest duration path in the network, which is A-C-D-G-H with a total duration of 25 days. The normal project duration is 25 days.

To further optimize the project duration, we can identify the non-critical activities with the lowest crash cost per day. In this case, activities B and F have the lowest crash costs per day.

We can choose to crash either activity B or F. Let's say we choose to crash activity B. By crashing activity B from 4 days to 2 days, the total project duration would be reduced to 24 days. The additional cost for crashing activity B is 2 days * $60/day = $120.

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The least effective closing for the refusal of a request would be option D) "Again, I regret that we must refuse."

Option D) does not offer a substitute or any plausible answers to the request. It does nothing more than reiterate the refusal; it makes no recommendations or offers any further advice. Effective closings for refusal frequently include expressing sympathy, providing alternatives, or sending good vibes.

The choices in options A), B), C), and E) all show a more considerate attitude by either acknowledging the requester's interest or offering substitute options that would better meet their needs. Option D) is less effective than the other options in preserving a positive atmosphere and posing the possibility of future collaboration or alternative exploration because it lacks these extra components.

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