The section of the Commonwealth Constitution that is the reason Commonwealth tax laws are traditionally contained in several different acts, rather than a single statute is s51(i).
This section grants the Commonwealth Parliament the power to make laws with respect to trade and commerce with other countries and among the states. Taxation is considered a regulatory power and is connected to trade and commerce, therefore making it a responsibility of the Commonwealth Parliament to make laws regarding taxation. As a result, Commonwealth tax laws are traditionally contained in different acts, which include the Income Tax Assessment Act, the Fringe Benefits Tax Act, the Goods and Services Tax Act, among others.
Section 51(i) of the Commonwealth Constitution states that the Commonwealth Parliament has the power to make laws with respect to trade and commerce with other countries and among the states. The Parliament may also make laws in regards to taxation, which is considered to be connected with trade and commerce. This provision of the Constitution has an impact on Commonwealth tax laws, which are usually contained in several different acts instead of a single statute.This provision was designed to protect Australian industry by giving the Commonwealth Parliament the power to control trade and commerce. This power extended to the power to impose taxes on foreign goods or to give advantages to Australian goods by imposing taxes on imports. The power to impose taxes was considered a regulatory power and as such, was linked to trade and commerce, which meant that the Commonwealth Parliament was responsible for making laws regarding taxation. This is why Commonwealth tax laws are contained in several different acts, which include the Income Tax Assessment Act, the Fringe Benefits Tax Act, and the Goods and Services Tax Act.
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Which of the following is FALSE regarding the links between JIT and quality? O A. JIT reduces the number of potential sources of error by shrinking queues and lead times. OB. If consistent quality exists, JIT allows firms to reduce all costs associated with inventory C. Inventory hides bad quality, JIT immediately exposes it O D. JIT increases the cost of obtaining good quality O't. As quality improves, fewer inventory buffers are needed in turn, JIT performs better.
The following statement is FALSE regarding the links between JIT and quality:JIT increases the cost of obtaining good quality.
So, the answer is D
What is JIT?JIT stands for "Just-In-Time."
JIT is a methodology for inventory management in which inventory is received, produced, and delivered just in time to meet demand. JIT is based on the premise that keeping inventory is wasteful and that organizations must strive to reduce inventory costs by finding innovative ways to minimize them.
JIT reduces the number of potential sources of error by shrinking queues and lead times.If consistent quality exists, JIT allows firms to reduce all costs associated with inventory.Inventory hides bad quality, JIT immediately exposes it.
Hence, the answer is D. JIT increases the cost of obtaining good quality
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forever, inc. announces an offer to issue bonds with a $100,000 par value, an 8% annual contract rate (paid semiannually) and a two-year life. the market rate is 10%, so the bonds will be sold at: multiple choice question. a premium present value a discount term
The bond will be sold, given the interest rate in the market and the annual contract rate, at C. A discount.
Why would a bond be sold at discount ?When the contract rate is lower than the market rate, the bonds are typically sold at a discount. This means that the bonds will be priced below their par value of $100,000.
The discount allows investors to earn a higher effective interest rate to compensate for the lower contract rate compared to the prevailing market rate.
Based on the given information, the market rate of 10% and the 8% annual contract rate on the bonds, the bonds will be sold at a discount.
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Why is it important for Operations Manager to act
Ethically? Provide an example to support your answer
It is important for Operations Manager to act ethically because ethical behavior is a crucial component of the success of any organization.
An ethical manager makes fair and just decisions based on a clear understanding of right and wrong, which can enhance an organization’s reputation and build trust among stakeholders. Unethical behavior, on the other hand, can be extremely costly to an organization, resulting in fines, legal action, damaged reputation, and loss of business.
Businesses that are ethical operate more efficiently and effectively. The ability to make ethical decisions in the face of challenging situations is critical for Operations Manager. This is because it promotes a sense of trust, transparency, and fairness throughout the organization. Ethical management can have a positive effect on all stakeholders, including employees, customers, shareholders, and society at large.
For example, in the United States, Enron is an example of a company that lacked ethical leadership and ended up in one of the largest corporate scandals in history. Operations Manager's should always make decisions based on principles of right and wrong to promote the success and growth of their company.
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E5-25A Compute equivalent units in a second processing department (Learning Objectives 2 & 5) Boswell's Hot Sauce uses a process costing system to determine its product's cost. The last of the three p
Boswell's Hot Sauce spent $9,350 on bottling in the Bottling Department during the period.
The department completed 75,000 units of hot sauce and transferred them to finished goods. In addition, the department has 20,000 units that are 50% complete in terms of bottling.
The Bottling Department's direct materials cost per equivalent unit is $0.05. The department's direct labor cost per equivalent unit is $0.02, and its overhead rate is 200% of direct labor cost.
The Bottling Department's total equivalent units of production for direct materials are:
75,000 units (100%) + 20,000 units × 50%
= 75,000 + 10,000 = 85,000 units.
As a result, the Bottling Department's total equivalent units of production are 85,000 units.
Here's how to determine the total cost of a product:
The following are the Bottling Department's costs per equivalent unit:
Direct materials cost per equivalent unit: $0.05
Direct labor cost per equivalent unit: $0.02
Overhead cost per equivalent unit: $0.04 (200% of $0.02)
The total cost of a single equivalent unit is $0.05 + $0.02 + $0.04 = $0.11.
Now, let's see how to determine the cost of a product's entire production.
Total costs incurred by the Bottling Department = $0.11 × 85,000 equivalent units = $9,350.
As a result, Boswell's Hot Sauce spent $9,350 on bottling in the Bottling Department during the period.
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Suppose the interest rate in the economy falls. Starting from a long-run equilibrium, use a graph to show what will happen to the price level, real GDP, and employment in the short-run. Also, explain how output can return to the natural rate in the long-run without any government intervention.
In the short run, a decrease in the interest rate will have an expansionary effect on the economy. Let's examine the impact on the price level, real GDP, and employment using an aggregate demand and aggregate supply (AD-AS) graph.
1. Price Level: In the short run, a decrease in the interest rate will lead to an increase in investment and consumption expenditure, which will shift the aggregate demand (AD) curve to the right. As a result, both the price level and real GDP will increase.
2. Real GDP: With the increase in aggregate demand, real GDP will also increase in the short run. This is because firms will produce more goods and services to meet the higher demand from consumers and investors.
3. Employment: As real GDP increases, firms will need to hire more workers to meet the increased production. Therefore, employment will also increase in the short run.
Now, let's discuss how the economy can return to the natural rate of output (long-run equilibrium) without government intervention:
In the long run, wages and prices adjust to changes in the economy, leading to changes in the short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve. When there is an increase in aggregate demand in the short run, it puts upward pressure on wages and prices.
As wages and prices increase, the SRAS curve will shift to the left. This shift continues until the economy reaches a new long-run equilibrium, where the SRAS curve intersects the long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve at the natural rate of output.
At the long-run equilibrium, employment returns to the natural rate, and the price level adjusts to a new level consistent with the economy's productive capacity. This adjustment occurs through market forces, such as changes in wages and prices, without any government intervention.
In summary, in the short run, a decrease in the interest rate leads to an increase in the price level, real GDP, and employment. However, in the long run, wages and prices adjust, bringing the economy back to the natural rate of output without any government intervention.
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The accounts in the ledger of Monroe Entertainment Co. are listed below. All accounts have normal balances.
Prepare a trial balance. The total of the debits is
a.$3,160
b.$1,214
c.$8,614
d.$5,629
The total of the debits is calculated by adding up the balances of all the accounts with debit balances. The amount is C. $8614
How to calculate the valueThe total of the debits is calculated by adding up the balances of all the accounts with debit balances. In this case, the accounts with debit balances are:
Accounts Receivable: $804
Prepaid Insurance: $1,730
Cash: $1,881
Drawing: $676
Land: $2,227
Total debits: $8,614
The other options are incorrect. Option A is the total of the credits. Option B is the difference between the total debits and the total credits. Option D is the balance of the Capital account.
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The accounts in the ledger of Monroe Entertainment Co. are listed below. All accounts have normal balances.
Accounts Payable $475 Fees Earned $2,510
Accounts Receivable 804 Insurance Expense 572
Prepaid Insurance 1,730 Land 2,227
Cash 1,881 Wages Expense 724
Drawing 676 Capital 5,629
Prepare a trial balance. The total of the debits is
a.$3,160
b.$1,214
c.$8,614
d.$5,629
jake is planning to expand his economic consulting services for the next month. he can do this by employing more economic consultants to run regressions and by renting a software that performs regressions. if he adds another employee to his firm, he will be able to serve 5 more clients in a month. if he rents the software he will serve an additional 10 clients a month. the going monthly salary for an economic consultant is $3,000. the software can be rented for $8,000 a month. what should jake do lower his costs?
To lower his costs, Jake should choose to employ an additional economic consultant rather than renting the software. This option would allow him to expand his services at a lower cost per client.
To determine the most cost-effective approach for Jake to expand his economic consulting services, we need to compare the costs of employing an additional consultant versus renting the software for performing regressions.
Cost of employing an additional consultant:
Monthly salary per consultant: $3,000
Number of additional clients served per consultant: 5
Cost per additional client served: $3,000 / 5 = $600
Cost of renting the software:
Monthly rental cost for the software: $8,000
Number of additional clients served by the software: 10
Cost per additional client served: $8,000 / 10 = $800
Based on the cost analysis, employing an additional consultant is the more cost-effective option for Jake. It would cost $600 per additional client served, while renting the software would cost $800 per additional client served.
Therefore, to lower his costs, Jake should choose to employ an additional economic consultant rather than renting the software. This option would allow him to expand his services at a lower cost per client.
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Indicate the amount (if any) that Josh can deduct as an ordinary and necessary business deduction in each of the following situations. (Leave no answers blank. Enter zero if applicable.) a. Josh borrowed $61,000 from the First State Bank using his business assets as collateral. He used the money to buy City of Blanksville bonds. Over the course of a year, Josh paid interest of $12,900 on the borrowed funds, but he received $11,900 of interest on the bonds.
Indicate the amount (if any) that Josh can deduct as an ordinary and necessary business deduction in each of the following situations. (Leave no answers blank. Enter zero if applicable.)
b. Josh purchased a piece of land for $90,500 in order to get a location to expand his business. He also paid $9,700 to construct a new driveway for access to the property.
In situation a, Josh can deduct $1,000 as an ordinary and necessary business deduction. In situation b, Josh can deduct $0 as an ordinary and necessary business deduction.
In situation a, Josh can deduct $1,000 as an ordinary and necessary business deduction. This is calculated by taking the difference between the interest paid on the borrowed funds ($12,900) and the interest received on the bonds ($11,900). The net interest expense of $1,000 is considered a business expense and can be deducted as an ordinary and necessary deduction.
In situation b, Josh cannot deduct any amount as an ordinary and necessary business deduction. The purchase of the land for $90,500 and the construction of the new driveway for $9,700 are considered capital expenditures rather than ordinary and necessary business expenses. Capital expenditures are generally not deductible as business expenses but may be depreciated or amortized over time.
Therefore, Josh can deduct $1,000 in situation a but cannot deduct any amount in situation b as an ordinary and necessary business deduction.
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Discriminatory Monopolistic
Market Equilibrium and draw diagrams of it.
Discriminatory Monopolistic market equilibrium is an economic concept that is used to describe a market situation in which a monopoly (single seller) is present and the seller is engaging in discriminatory pricing.
This means that the seller charges different prices to different consumers for the same product or service based on their ability to pay or other characteristics such as race, gender, or age. In this situation, the seller has market power and is able to control the price of the product or service.
In a discriminatory monopolistic market, the seller is able to charge a higher price to some consumers and a lower price to others. This results in a situation where some consumers are paying more than the market price for the product or service while others are paying less. The seller is able to extract more profit from the market by charging higher prices to some consumers.
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the process of cutting a market into pieces and focusing on the piece or pieces that make the most sense is termed:
The process of cutting a market into pieces and focusing on the piece or pieces that make the most sense is termed market segmentation.
Market segmentation refers to the practice of cutting a market into pieces and focusing on the piece or pieces that make the most sense. It is the process of dividing the whole market into smaller market groups, commonly known as segments, which have unique needs, demands, and characteristics that are different from other market segments.Segmentation is crucial since the needs and preferences of various customers vary, and different customers may require different marketing strategies.
Segmentation is a method for companies to target their marketing efforts on specific groups of customers, rather than creating a single marketing campaign that targets everyone.The market segmentation concept is a means of determining a market's needs and wants. Customers are grouped according to their behavior, psychographics, and demographics, among other things. This method divides a vast market into smaller sections, allowing businesses to focus on the most profitable and target customers.
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Given the following situations, draw a graph showing the shifts
in either supply or demand and then state what would happen to the
new equilibrium price and quantity.
Due to COVID-19 and hair salons
Due to COVID-19 and hair salons, there has been a decrease in the supply of hair salon services due to mandatory shutdowns or restrictions on business operations. As a result, the supply curve shifts to the left. The demand curve, on the other hand, has not been affected and therefore remains constant.
The new equilibrium price and quantity, as a result, are both lower. Since the supply has decreased, and the demand has remained constant, the price of hair salon services would increase, but it is offset by the decrease in demand. The quantity of hair salon services would decrease due to the restrictions and shutdowns.
Therefore, the equilibrium price of hair salon services will decrease, and the equilibrium quantity will decrease. It is important to note that in the long run, the supply curve could shift back to the right as businesses resume normal operations, but the demand curve could still be affected by the economic consequences of COVID-19.
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Yorktown company exports crude oil from United States to Canada by cargo plane, truck and ship. The company has $600000 available to spend on the necessary expansion of its feet. Here is the information on three forms of transportation. Model Capacity (gallons) Purcase Cost Monthly Operating Cost, Including Depreciation Truck 5000 $67000 $550 Ship 2500 $55000 $425 Cargo Plane 1000 $46000 $350 The company estimates that the monthly demand for the region will be 550000 gallons of crude oil. The number of deliveries or round trips possible per month for each method of transportation will vary. Trip capacities are estimated to be 15 trips per month by truck. 20 trips per month by ship, and 25 trips per month by cargo plane. The company does not want to add more than 15 new vehicles to its fleet. In addition, the company has decided to purchase at least three new cargo planes. As a final constraint, the company does not want more than half the new models to be trucks.
1. If the company wishes to satisfy the crude oil demand with a minimum monthly operating expense, how many models of each type of transportation should be purchased?
2. If the company did not require at least three cargo planes and did not limit the number of trucks to at most half the new models, how many models of each types of transportation should be purchase
When accepting an engagement to audit a small financial institution, Mary Deming should obtain certain knowledge about the prospective client and its environment to effectively plan the audit engagement. Here are the types of knowledge Deming should obtain:
Industry-Specific Knowledge: Deming should acquire knowledge about the financial institution industry, including its regulatory framework, unique risks, and accounting practices specific to financial institutions. This knowledge will help Deming understand the industry's challenges, standards, and best practices, ensuring the audit is tailored to the specific requirements of the financial institution sector.
Understanding of the Client: Deming needs to gather information about the client's background, business activities, organizational structure, governance, internal control systems, and financial reporting processes. This knowledge will provide insights into the client's operations, key personnel, significant transactions, and control environment.
Regulatory Requirements: Deming should familiarize herself with the regulatory requirements applicable to the financial institution, such as banking laws, regulations, and reporting obligations. This knowledge will help ensure the audit is conducted in compliance with the relevant regulatory framework.
Risk Assessment: Deming should conduct a comprehensive risk assessment of the client's operations to identify and understand the inherent risks and control risks specific to the financial institution. This assessment will help in designing audit procedures that effectively address the identified risks.
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In December, Sara's Sodas produced 3.5 million liters of the beverage. Manufacturing overhead was $1,395.000 and the cost per liter was $0.50. Labor costs were 25 percent of materials cost.
Required:
a, Calculate the materials cost for December (Enter your answer in dollars not in millions.) b. Calculate the labor cost for December. (Enter your answer in dollars not in millions.)
Sara's Sodas produced 3.5 million litres of the beverage in December. The materials cost for December is $1,750,000 and the labour cost for December is $437,500.
Materials cost for December can be calculated using the given data.
Cost per litre = $0.50Millions of litres = 3.5 million. Therefore, the Materials cost for December= is $0.50 x 3.5 million= $1,750,000b. As given in the problem statement, Labor costs were 25% of materials costs. The materials cost for December is $1,750,000.So, the Labor cost for December= is 25% of $1,750,000= $437,500. Materials cost for December = $1,750,000Labor cost for December = $437,500. In December, Sara's Sodas produced 3.5 million litres of the beverage. Manufacturing overhead was $1,395.000 and the cost per litre was $0.50. Labour costs were 25 per cent of materials cost. We have to calculate the materials cost for December and the labour cost for December. Materials cost for December can be calculated by using the given data. Cost per litre is given as $0.50 and millions of litres are 3.5 million, therefore, Materials cost for December= $0.50 x 3.5 million= $1,750,000.Labour costs were 25 per cent of materials cost. Therefore, we have to find out the material cost for December, which we have already calculated above. The materials cost for December is $1,750,000. Now, the Labor cost for December= is 25% of $1,750,000= $437,500. So, the labour cost for December is $437,500. Hence, the materials cost for December is $1,750,000 and the labour cost for December is $437,500. Sara's Sodas produced 3.5 million litres of the beverage in December. The materials cost for December is $1,750,000 and the labour cost for December is $437,500.
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Why truthful reporting is no longer a Nash equilibrium for the
providers under the uniform
price mechanism?
In conclusion, the uniform price mechanism is not conducive to truthful reporting, and alternative auction mechanisms should be considered to ensure truthful and efficient outcomes.
In the auction theory, a Nash equilibrium is a state where no player can improve their payoff by unilaterally changing their strategy given that the others maintain their current strategies. Truthful reporting refers to the situation where an agent reports their valuation truthfully in the auction, and the Nash equilibrium usually obtains when all bidders report their valuations truthfully. Under the uniform price mechanism, however, truthful reporting is no longer a Nash equilibrium for the providers, and this essay will explore why.
Under a uniform price auction, all bidders are charged the same price for the item, which is equal to the highest rejected bid. This contrasts with pay-as-bid auctions, in which each bidder pays their individual bid. The difference in the two auction mechanisms is crucial to understanding why truthful reporting is no longer a Nash equilibrium for the providers under the uniform price mechanism.
In a pay-as-bid auction, a bidder is incentivized to truthfully reveal their valuation because doing so would maximize their payoff, and deviating from this strategy would result in a lower payoff. However, under the uniform price mechanism, a bidder may obtain a higher payoff by deviating from truthful reporting. A bidder may underreport their valuation to lower the uniform price and pay less for the item. Conversely, a bidder may overreport their valuation to raise the uniform price and charge others a higher price for the item.
Thus, truthful reporting is no longer a Nash equilibrium under the uniform price mechanism because each bidder's payoff is now dependent on the valuations reported by the others. The uniform price mechanism creates incentives for bidders to manipulate the auction outcome by misreporting their valuations, which undermines the accuracy and efficiency of the auction.
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Sustainability has an important role in successful project
delivery. Explain how the dimensions of sustainability can be
integrated into various project life cycle stages.
Sustainability plays a crucial role in successful project delivery by ensuring that projects are environmentally responsible, socially equitable, and economically viable. Integrating sustainability dimensions into various project life cycle stages is essential for maximizing positive impacts and minimizing negative effects. Here's how sustainability can be incorporated into different stages of the project life cycle:
1. Initiation and Planning: During this stage, project managers can assess the sustainability implications of the project and define sustainability objectives and targets. They can conduct environmental and social impact assessments, identify stakeholders, and develop strategies for resource efficiency and waste management. This stage sets the foundation for integrating sustainability throughout the project.
2. Design and Development: In this stage, sustainable practices can be incorporated into the project design. This includes using green building materials, implementing energy-efficient technologies, considering renewable energy options, and designing for resource conservation. Additionally, social aspects such as community engagement, labor rights, and local economic development can be addressed.
3. Execution and Implementation: During this stage, project teams can ensure that sustainability practices are effectively implemented. This involves monitoring and managing resource consumption, waste generation, and emissions. It also includes promoting responsible procurement and supply chain practices, ensuring worker health and safety, and fostering inclusive and diverse workforce participation.
4. Monitoring and Control: Regular monitoring and evaluation of sustainability performance are crucial. Key performance indicators can be established to track progress towards sustainability goals. This stage allows project teams to identify areas for improvement, address any deviations, and make necessary adjustments to ensure project activities align with sustainability objectives.
5. Closure and Evaluation: When closing a project, it is important to consider sustainable decommissioning and waste management practices. Lessons learned from the project can be documented and shared to enhance future project sustainability. Evaluating the project's overall sustainability performance provides valuable insights for future projects and helps in refining sustainability practices.
By integrating sustainability dimensions into these project life cycle stages, organizations can ensure that their projects contribute to long-term environmental preservation, social well-being, and economic prosperity. This integration supports the development of sustainable infrastructure, fosters stakeholder engagement, and enhances the project's overall value and resilience.
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an investor has 60,000 to invest in a cd and a mutual fund. the cd yields 5% and the mutual fund yields on the average 9% the mutual fund requires a minimum investment of 10000 and the investor requires at least twice as much should be invested in cds as in the mutual funds. how much should be invested in cds and how much in the mutual funds to maximize return? what is the maximum return?
a) the definitions for any variables you use
b) the inequalities and objective function
c) the graph with feasible region shaded
d) a corner point table
e) a sentence that answers the question asked in the problem.
Definitions of variables: Cd - The amount invested in CD. Mutual fund - The amount invested in Mutual fund. Return -The maximum return on investments. Maximum return is $4,500 if $50,000 is invested in CD and $10,000 is invested in mutual funds.
a) Definitions of variables: Cd - The amount invested in CD. Mutual fund - The amount invested in Mutual fund. Return - The maximum return on investments.
b) Inequalities and Objective function: Constraints: Mutual fund requires a minimum investment of $10,000. 2(CD) ≥ Mutual fund. CD + Mutual fund ≤ $60,000. Objective Function: Maximum Return. Maximize R = 0.05Cd + 0.09Mutual fund.
c) Graph with feasible region shaded: To plot the feasible region of the constraints: Mutual fund requires a minimum investment of $10,000. => Mutual fund ≥ $10,000.CD + Mutual fund ≤ $60,000 => Mutual fund ≤ $60,000 - CD.2(CD) ≥ Mutual fund => CD ≤ 0.5 Mutual fund.
To find the values of CD and Mutual fund: Substitute Mutual fund = $10,000 in CD + Mutual fund ≤ $60,000.$10,000 + CD ≤ $60,000CD ≤ $50,000.
So, the possible values of CD range from 0 to $50,000. Substitute CD = 0.5Mutual fund in Mutual fund ≤ $60,000 - CD. Mutual fund ≤ $60,000 - 0.5Mutual fund
Mutual fund ≤ $30,000.
So, the possible values of Mutual fund range from $10,000 to $30,000.
CD = 0, Mutual fund = $30,000. CD = $50,000, Mutual fund = $10,000.
d) Corner Point Table: Corner Point CD Mutual fund Return A0$30,000 $1,500B $50,000 $10,000 $4,500 C$0 $10,000 $1,800 D$20,000 $20,000 $3,000 E$30,000 $15,000 $3,000
Maximum return is $4,500 if $50,000 is invested in CD and $10,000 is invested in mutual funds.
e) A sentence that answers the question asked in the problem: The investor should invest $50,000 in CDs and $10,000 in mutual funds to maximize returns, with the maximum return being $4,500.
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Pharma group Shield Therapeutics rallied on news that it had signed a licence agreement with Canada’s KYE Pharmaceuticals for Accrufer, its treatment for adults with iron deficiency. Under the terms of the deal, Shield would receive £150,000 upfront and be eligible for a further £850,000 if sales targets were reached. The group would also receive "double-digit royalties" on net sales of Accrufer in Canada.
Source: Adapted from R. Douglas (2022), ‘London’, The Financial Times, (6th January 2022).
2. Explain the market structure in which Shield Therapeutics and KYE Pharmaceuticals operate and the justification for further funding. Limit 500 words.
The market structure in which Shield Therapeutics and KYE Pharmaceuticals operate can be characterized as an oligopoly.
An oligopoly is a market structure where a small number of firms dominate the industry and collectively have a significant market share. In this case, Shield Therapeutics and KYE Pharmaceuticals are among the limited number of players in the market for iron deficiency treatments.
Oligopolies are typically characterized by high barriers to entry, limited competition, and a high degree of interdependence among the firms. The pharmaceutical industry, in particular, is known for its stringent regulations and large scale requirements for product approval. These regulatory barriers make it challenging for new firms to enter the market and establish a foothold. As a result, the industry tends to be dominated by a few established players.
In an oligopolistic market, the actions of one firm can have a significant impact on the others. Due to the limited number of competitors, firms are highly aware of each other's strategies and are often responsive to their actions. This interdependence can lead to various competitive behaviors, such as price collusion, strategic alliances, and aggressive marketing tactics.
Now, let's discuss the justification for further funding for Shield Therapeutics and KYE Pharmaceuticals within this oligopolistic market structure.
Firstly, the pharmaceutical industry is heavily reliant on research and development (R&D) to develop new drugs and treatments. R&D investment is crucial for staying competitive and meeting the demands of patients and healthcare providers. Without ongoing funding for R&D, companies may struggle to bring innovative products to market, hindering their ability to capture market share and generate revenue. Therefore, further funding allows Shield Therapeutics and KYE Pharmaceuticals to continue their research efforts, develop new treatments, and maintain a competitive edge in the industry.
Secondly, marketing and distribution play a critical role in the success of pharmaceutical companies. Building brand awareness, reaching physicians and healthcare professionals, and effectively promoting products are essential for driving sales. In an oligopolistic market, where firms have significant market power, effective marketing strategies are vital for differentiation and gaining a competitive advantage. Further funding enables Shield Therapeutics and KYE Pharmaceuticals to invest in marketing initiatives, expand their distribution networks, and reach a wider customer base, ultimately driving sales and revenue growth.
Additionally, the pharmaceutical industry is characterized by rapidly evolving scientific advancements and changing market dynamics. New diseases, emerging therapies, and shifting regulatory landscapes require companies to continuously adapt and innovate. Further funding provides the necessary resources for Shield Therapeutics and KYE Pharmaceuticals to stay at the forefront of these developments. It allows them to explore new therapeutic areas, invest in cutting-edge technologies, and enhance their existing product portfolio. By doing so, they can better serve patient needs, expand their market presence, and maintain a competitive edge against other oligopolistic competitors.
Furthermore, funding enables companies to invest in infrastructure and expand their operations. This can include hiring additional talent, expanding manufacturing facilities, and establishing a stronger presence in new markets. Such investments contribute to the growth and long-term sustainability of Shield Therapeutics and KYE Pharmaceuticals. They help build a solid foundation for future expansion, enhance operational efficiency, and support the overall strategic objectives of the companies.
In conclusion, Shield Therapeutics and KYE Pharmaceuticals operate in an oligopolistic market structure within the pharmaceutical industry. Further funding is justified for several reasons. It allows these companies to continue their research and development efforts, invest in marketing and distribution, stay competitive in a rapidly evolving industry, and expand their operations. Ultimately, the additional funding supports their growth trajectory and enables them to maintain a strong position in the oligopolistic market they operate in.
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You wish to hire Tim to manage your Gold Coast ramen store. The profits from the store depend partially on how hard Tim works, as follows: Profit Probabilities Profit = $14,000 Profit = $24,000 Lazy 80% 20% Hard worker 20% 80% If Tim is lazy, he will close the store and surf the beach all day, and he views this as a zero cost opportunity. However, Tim views working hard as a "personal cost" valued at $1000. Assume that Tim cares only about his expected payment less any "personal cost." a. What is your expected profit when Tim is lazy? What is your expected profit when Tim works hard? b. One method to incentivize Tim to work hard is to offer him a percentage of your profit. What is the minimum percentage of profit should you offer Tim if you want him to work hard?
a)The expected profit is $16,000 when Tim is lazy and $20,000 when Tim works hard.
b) You should offer Tim at least 5% of your profit to incentivize him to work hard.
a) The expected profit when Tim is lazy is the sum of the probability-weighted average when Tim is lazy, which is:
Expected profit when Tim is lazy = (0.8 * $14,000) + (0.2 * $24,000)
= $11,200 + $4,800
= $16,000
The expected profit when Tim works hard is the sum of the probability-weighted profits when Tim works hard, which is:
Expected profit when Tim works hard = (0.2 * $14,000) + (0.8 * $24,000) - $1,000
= $2,800 + $19,200 - $1,000
= $20,000
b) If you want Tim to work hard, you need to offer him a payment of at least $1,000 more than his expected payment if he is lazy. Therefore, the minimum percentage of profit you should offer Tim is:Minimum percentage of profit = ($1,000 / $20,000) * 100% = 5%
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The Director of Jonat Enterprise hires labour (L) and rents capital equipment (K) in a competitive market to produce chocolate pellets. At the moment, the wage rate of labour is GH¢2 per hour and capital is rented at GH¢5 per hour. Also, the unit price of chocolate pellets is GH¢0.75 and total cost of production is GH¢1,000. Suppose the firm's production function (Q) follows a Cobb-Douglas specification given as:
Q = 14K0.5 10.5 + 10
Determine the optimal input usage and the maximum profit that Jonat Enterprise would obtain at the optimal input levels.
The maximum profit that Jonat Enterprise would obtain at the optimal input levels is GH¢6,604.71.
The Cobb-Douglas production function relates the quantity of output produced by a firm to the inputs used.
The function takes the following form:
Q = ALαKβ
where: A is a positive constant,
L is the quantity of labor used,
K is the quantity of capital used,
α and β are constants representing the output elasticity of labor and capital, respectively.
The Director of Jonat Enterprise hires labor (L) and rents capital equipment (K) in a competitive market to produce chocolate pellets.
At the moment, the wage rate of labor is GH¢2 per hour and capital is rented at GH¢5 per hour.
Also, the unit price of chocolate pellets is GH¢0.75 and the total cost of production is GH¢1,000.
Suppose the firm's production function (Q) follows a Cobb-Douglas specification given as:
Q = 14K^0.5L^0.5 + 10
Given the production function above, the optimal input usage and maximum profit that Jonat Enterprise would obtain at the optimal input levels can be calculated as follows:
Total Cost (TC) = wL + rK
where: w is the wage rate of labor, r is the rental rate of capital
To find the optimal input usage and the maximum profit, the first thing to do is to determine the minimum-cost input combination.
Therefore:
Q = 14K^0.5L^0.5 + 10
TC = wL + rK
TC = 2L + 5K
Substituting the cost function into the production function and solving for the optimal K and L:
Q = 14K^0.5L^0.5 + 10
Q = 14K^0.5(800/K)^0.5 + 10
Q = 56,960K^-0.5K + 10
The optimal K can be obtained by differentiating the production function with respect to K, equating it to zero, and solving for K:
∂Q/∂K = -28,480K^-1.5 + 10
∂Q/∂K = 0
Therefore,
K = (28,480/10)^(2/3)
K = 215.46
The optimal L can be found by substituting the value of K into the cost function and solving for L:
TC = wL + rK
TC = 2L + 5(215.46)
TC = 2L + 1,077.3
L = (TC - 1,077.3)/2
L = (1,000 - 1,077.3)/2
L = 38.65
Finally, the optimal input usage for Jonat Enterprise is
K = 215.46 and
L = 38.65.
Maximum profit can be calculated as follows:
Profit = TR - TC
TR = P × Q
TR = GH¢0.75 × (14 × 215.46^0.5 × 38.65^0.5 + 10)
TR = GH¢7,704.46
TC = 2L + 5K
TC = 2(38.65) + 5(215.46)
TC = GH¢1,099.75
Therefore,
Profit = TR - TC
profit = GH¢7,704.46 - GH¢1,099.75
profit = GH¢6,604.71
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ever sport is an athletic apparel company that focuses its marketing efforts on meeting the needs and wants of fitness-oriented men in their 60s and 70s. this group is ever sport’s
Ever Sport's target demographic refers to the specific group of individuals that the company aims to attract and serve with its products and marketing strategies.
In this case, their target demographic comprises fitness-oriented men in their 60s and 70s. By focusing their marketing efforts on this particular age group, Ever Sport aims to understand and cater to their needs, preferences, and desires when it comes to athletic apparel. They tailor their product offerings, messaging, and overall brand experience to resonate with this demographic, ensuring that they feel seen, understood, and motivated to choose Ever Sport for their fitness-related needs.
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automatic stabilizers include multiple choice unemployment benefits. open market operations. government deregulation. reserve requirements.
Among the options provided, unemployment benefits are considered an automatic stabilizer. Open market operations, government deregulation, and reserve requirements are not typically categorized as automatic stabilizers.
Automatic stabilizers are policies or features of the economy that help stabilize economic fluctuations without the need for discretionary government intervention. They are designed to automatically offset changes in economic activity and reduce the severity of economic downturns or booms.
Unemployment benefits are considered automatic stabilizers because they provide income support to individuals who lose their jobs during economic downturns. By providing financial assistance to unemployed individuals, unemployment benefits help maintain their purchasing power, which in turn supports consumer spending and helps stabilize the overall economy.
On the other hand, open market operations refer to the buying and selling of government securities by the central bank to influence the money supply and interest rates. Government deregulation involves reducing or removing government regulations in various industries, which is a policy choice rather than an automatic stabilizer. Reserve requirements, also known as bank reserve ratios, are regulations that determine the minimum amount of reserves banks must hold against their deposits, and they primarily aim to ensure the stability of the banking system rather than acting as automatic stabilizers.
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$4000 worth of services are performed for a client, $3000 is
collected but $1000 will be collected in one month. Show the
entrues required now AND in one month.
When $4000 worth of services is provided to a client and $3000 is collected but the remaining $1000 will be collected after a month, the required entries will differ.
Now and one month from now, the following entries will be required:Entries required now: Cash account is debited for $3000Accounts receivable is debited for $1000Revenue account is credited for $4000Entries required in one month: Cash account is debited for $1000Accounts receivable is credited for $1000The reason behind the entries is simple, during the present time $3000 has been collected, this means that cash account needs to be debited for the same amount.
Moreover, the remaining $1000 is still due but will be collected after a month hence it will be debited in the accounts receivable account.The revenue account should be credited because the $4000 worth of service has been provided. It is important to note that revenue is always credited when the amount has been earned.Entries required in one month will be the reversal of the $1000 debited in the accounts receivable account. This means that $1000 will be credited to the accounts receivable account as the amount will be collected a month later. Cash account will be debited because the amount has been received. Hence, $1000 will be debited in the cash account.
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The process of getting people at all levels of the organization involved in the budgeting process is known as:
a)Controlling.
b)Budgeting.
c) Participative budgeting.
d) Master budgeting.
The process of getting people at all levels of the organization involved in the budgeting process is known as Participative budgeting.
The correct answer to the given question is option c.
Participative budgeting refers to the process of involving individuals at all levels of an organization in the budgeting process. It encourages collaboration and input from employees, allowing them to contribute their insights, knowledge, and expertise in creating the budget.
In participative budgeting, managers and employees are invited to provide input and suggestions for the budget. This approach recognizes that those closest to the operations and processes often have valuable insights and can contribute to more accurate and realistic budgeting.
Participative budgeting offers several benefits. It increases employee engagement and ownership in the budgeting process, as they have a say in setting goals and allocating resources. It can also improve communication and collaboration within the organization, fostering a sense of teamwork and shared responsibility.
By involving individuals from different departments and levels of the organization, participative budgeting helps ensure that the budget reflects a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of the organization's needs and challenges. This can lead to better decision-making, greater accountability, and increased motivation among employees.
Overall, participative budgeting is a valuable approach to engage employees and tap into their expertise, ultimately leading to more effective and realistic budgeting outcomes.
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44. Pretty Corporation declared a 10%stock dividend. Par value of its stock is 100 while the fair market value at declaration date was 150 and at distribution date was 175. Retained earnings should be
Retained earnings will decrease by $17,500.
To calculate the impact of the stock dividend on retained earnings, we need to consider the par value, fair market value at declaration date, and fair market value at distribution date.A stock dividend is a distribution of additional shares to existing shareholders instead of cash dividends. In this case, Pretty Corporation declared a 10% stock dividend, meaning that shareholders will receive 10 additional shares for every 100 shares they currently own.First, let's calculate the number of additional shares issued. Assuming a shareholder owns 1,000 shares, they would receive 10% of 1,000, which is 100 additional shares.
The fair market value at the declaration date was $150, and at the distribution date, it was $175. To determine the value of the additional shares, we multiply the number of additional shares by the fair market value at the distribution date: 100 shares * $175 = $17,500.
Since a stock dividend does not involve a cash outflow from the company, the value of the additional shares is transferred from retained earnings to the common stock account.It's important to note that retained earnings represent accumulated earnings that have not been distributed as dividends. By transferring value from retained earnings to common stock, the company is essentially capitalizing a portion of its retained earnings into additional shares.
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Auditing Logistics and Transportation Industry Overview: Transportation is defined as the movement of people, animals, and goods from one location to another. These modes of transport may include air, rail, road, sea, cable, pipeline and space. This field is divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Transport is crucial as it enables trade and communication between one another, which ultimately establishes civilizations. The logistics industry can be defined as the science of obtaining, producing, and distributing material and products to the correct place and in the correct quantities. In a military sense, where it has a greater use, its meaning also includes the movement of personnel. Logistics includes the process of planning, implementing, and controlling procedures for the efficient and effective transportation and storage of goods. This includes services and related information from the point of source to the point of consumption for the purpose of fulfilling and conforming to customer requirements. The advancements of new technologies and improved business processes have had an enormous impact on transforming both the logistics industry and transport industry. Technologies have allowed real-time monitoring of flow and resources, transparency across multiple points and the seamless exchange of operational information with key performance indicators that have had a profound impact on the industry.
Assessments 5:
1. State the nature and background of the specialized industry.
2. What are the relevant statistics, and updates of the specialized industry in the Philippine
setting?
3. Identify the different audit and accounting considerations and trends for the industry.
4. Look for at least 2-3 audited financial statements of companies under the specialized industry
in the Philippines and list down your observations from audit report to the financial statements.
1. Transportation and logistics play a crucial role in enabling trade and communication, facilitating economic growth, and establishing civilizations
2. To provide relevant statistics and updates of the specialized industry in the Philippine setting, specific data sources and current reports related to the logistics.
3. Audit and accounting considerations and trends in the logistics and transportation industry may include areas such as revenue recognition, cost management, inventory.
4. To analyze audited financial statements of companies in the specialized industry in the Philippines, specific financial statements would need to be reviewed.
1. The specialized industry being discussed is the logistics and transportation industry. It encompasses the movement of people, animals, and goods from one location to another using various modes of transport such as air, rail, road, sea, cable, pipeline, and space.
The industry is divided into three main components: infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure refers to the physical facilities and systems that support transportation, including airports, seaports, highways, and railways.
They are vital for the movement of goods and services within and across national borders. The industry has undergone significant transformations due to advancements in technology and improved business processes.
2. To provide relevant statistics and updates of the specialized industry in the Philippine setting, specific data sources and current reports related to the logistics and transportation industry in the Philippines would need to be referenced.
It would be advisable to consult industry associations, government publications, and market research reports that provide up-to-date information on the size, growth, trends, and challenges within the Philippine logistics and transportation sector.
3. Audit and accounting considerations and trends in the logistics and transportation industry may include areas such as revenue recognition, cost management, inventory valuation, asset management, regulatory compliance, and risk management.
They should also focus on assessing internal controls, ensuring accurate financial reporting, and addressing potential risks associated with transportation and logistics operations.
4. It is recommended to refer to the audited financial statements of logistics and transportation companies listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange or available from relevant regulatory bodies.
Observations from the audit report to the financial statements may include assessments of the company's financial position, liquidity, profitability, asset management, debt levels, and compliance with accounting standards and regulations.
It is important to review the auditors' opinion and any significant audit findings or disclosures related to the specific industry risks and challenges.
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If G is directed graph with 20 vertices, how many Boolean values needed to represent G using an adjacency matrix? ka 400 Ob 40 c 200 Od 20.
For each pair of vertices, there can be one of two possibilities: an edge exists between them or it does not. In other words, we need a Boolean value (either true or false) to represent each potential connection. The correct answer is Option A)
Since there are 20 vertices in total, we have 20 rows and 20 columns in the adjacency matrix. For each cell, we need a Boolean value to represent the connection between the corresponding pair of vertices.
Therefore, the number of Boolean values needed to represent G using an adjacency matrix is 20 * 20 = 400.
Hence, the correct answer is Option A) 400.
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Exercise 6-5 Country Curtains Company makes fashionable window curtains and valances. Data concerning the company's three product lines appear below. 6' Curtains 3 Curtains Valance $50 $40 $55 $26 $16 $25 Selling price per unit Variable cost per unit Feet of fabric Sewing machine time 6 feet 3 feet 4 feet 6 minutes 8 minutes 16 minutes Required: 1. If we assume that the total fabric available is the constraint in the production process, how much contribution margin per foot of the constrained resource is earned by each product? 2. Which product offers the most profitable use of the fabric? 3. If we assume that a labor shortage has required the company to cut back its production so much that its new constraint has become the total available sewing machine time, how much contribution margin per minutes of the constrained resource is earned by each product? 4. Which product offers the most profitable use of the sewing machine time? 5. Which product has the largest contribution margin per unit? Why wouldn't this product be the most profitable use of the constrained resource in either case?
1.The contribution margin per foot earned by 6 curtains is $1.33, 3 curtains is $8 and Valance is $7.50
2.The 3' curtains offer the most profitable use of the fabric since they have the highest contribution margin per foot of fabric at $8.
3.Contribution margin per unit for 6 ' Curtains is $4, 3 Curtains is $3 and Valance is $1.875
4. 6' curtains offers the most profitable use of the sewing machine time.
5 The product with the largest contribution margin per unit is the Valance, with a contribution margin of $30 per unit. However, this product may not be the most profitable use of the constrained resource because it requires more fabric and sewing machine time per unit compared to the other two products.
Explanation
1.To find the contribution margin per foot of the constrained resource (fabric), we need to calculate the contribution margin per unit and divide it by the amount of fabric required per unit.
For 6' curtains: contribution margin per unit = $50 - $26 - $16 = $8, fabric required per unit = 6 feet, so contribution margin per foot of fabric = $8/6 = $1.33
For 3' curtains: contribution margin per unit = $40 - $16 = $24, fabric required per unit = 3 feet, so contribution margin per foot of fabric = $24/3 = $8
For valance: contribution margin per unit = $55 - $25 = $30, fabric required per unit = 4 feet, so contribution margin per foot of fabric = $30/4 = $7.50
3.To calculate the contribution margin per minute of sewing machine time, we need to divide the contribution margin per unit by the sewing machine time per unit.
Contribution margin per unit:
6' Curtains: ($50 - $26) / 6 minutes = $4 contribution margin per minute
3 Curtains: ($40 - $16) / 8 minutes = $3 contribution margin per minute
Valance: ($55 - $25) / 16 minutes = $1.875 contribution margin per minute.
4. Based on the contribution margin per minute of sewing machine time, the most profitable use of the sewing machine time would be to produce 6' Curtains since it generates the highest contribution margin per minute.
5.In situations where resources are limited, it is important to consider not only the contribution margin per unit, but also the amount of resources required to produce each unit.
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Clayco Company completes the following transactions during the year.
July 14
Writes off a $750 account receivable arising from a sale to Briggs Company that dates to 10 months ago. (Clayco Company uses the allowance method.)
July 30
Clayco Company receives a $1,000, 90-day, 10% note in exchange for merchandise sold to Sumrell Company (the merchandise cost $600)
Aug 15
Receives $2,000 cash plus a $10,000 note from JT Co. in exchange for merchandise that sells for $12,000 (its cost is $8,000). The note is dated August 15, bears 12% interest, and matures in 120 days
Nov 1
Completes a $200 credit card sale with a 4% fee (the cost of sales is $150). The cash is transferred immediately from the credit card company
Nov 3
Sumrell Company refuses to pay the note that was due to Clayco Company on October 28. Prepare the journal entry to charge the dishonored note plus accrued interest to Sumrell Company’s accounts receivable.
Nov 5
Completes a $500 credit card sale with a 5% fee (the cost of sales is $300). The cash is transferred immediately from the credit card company.
Nov 15
Receives the full amount of $750 from Briggs Company that was previously written off on July 14. Record the bad debts recovery.
Dec 13
Receives payment of principal plus interest from JT for the August 15 note.
Required
1. Prepare Clayco Company’s journal entries to record these transactions.
2. Prepare a year-end adjusting journal entry as of December 31 for each separate situation.
Bad debts are estimated to be $20,400 by aging accounts receivable. The unadjusted balance of the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts is a $1,000 debit.
Alternatively, assume that bad debts are estimated using the percent of sales method. The Allowance for Doubtful Accounts had a $1,000 debit balance before adjustment, and the company estimates bad debts to be 1% of its credit sales of $2,000,000.
The journal entries for the transactions are as follows:
1. Journal entries to record the transactions:
a) July 14:
Bad Debts Expense 750
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 750
b) July 30:
Notes Receivable 1,000
Sales 1,000
Cost of Goods Sold 600
Inventory 600
c) August 15:
Accounts Receivable 12,000
Sales 12,000
Cost of Goods Sold 8,000
Inventory 8,000
Notes Receivable 10,000
Sales Revenue 2,000
Interest Revenue 200
d) November 1:
Credit Card Expense 8
Sales 8
Cash 192
Credit Card Clearing 192
Cost of Goods Sold 150
Inventory 150
e) November 3:
Accounts Receivable 1,000
Notes Receivable 1,000
f) November 5:
Credit Card Expense 20
Sales 20
Cash 480
Credit Card Clearing 480
Cost of Goods Sold 300
Inventory 300
g) November 15:
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 750
Accounts Receivable 750
h) December 13:
Cash 10,120
Notes Receivable 10,000
Interest Revenue 120
Supporting Answer:
2. Year-end adjusting journal entries:
a) Using the aging method:
Bad Debts Expense 20,400
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 20,400
b) Using the percent of sales method:
Bad Debts Expense 20,000
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 20,000
What are the journal entries and year-end adjusting entries for Clayco Company's transactions?The given paragraph describes various transactions conducted by Clayco Company throughout the year.
The transactions include writing off an account receivable, receiving a note in exchange for merchandise, receiving cash and a note in exchange for merchandise, completing credit card sales with fees, a dishonored note, bad debt recovery, and receiving payment for a note.
To address the requirements, the first step is to prepare journal entries for each transaction, recording the necessary debits and credits.
Then, an adjusting journal entry is required for each situation as of December 31. The adjustment can be based on estimating bad debts either by aging accounts receivable or using the percent of sales method.
Further details such as specific amounts and accounts involved are needed to provide a more comprehensive explanation of the transactions and the resulting journal entries.
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Brady's Inflation Needle Co. reports accounts receivable of $100,000 in 2020 and $250,000 in 2021. Using horizontal analysis, what would be the percentage increase or decrease in accounts receivable?
A) 60% decrease
B) 60% increase
C) 150% decrease
D) 150% increase
The percentage increase in accounts receivable would be 150% increase (D).
To calculate the percentage increase or decrease in accounts receivable using horizontal analysis, we need to compare the change in the accounts receivable amount from one period to another. In this case, we compare the accounts receivable in 2021 ($250,000) with the accounts receivable in 2020 ($100,000).
The formula for calculating the percentage change is:
Percentage change = [(New Value - Old Value) / Old Value] * 100
Substituting the values into the formula:
Percentage change = [(250,000 - 100,000) / 100,000] * 100
Percentage change = (150,000 / 100,000) * 100
Percentage change = 150%
Therefore, the percentage increase in accounts receivable is 150%, which means the accounts receivable increased by 150% from 2020 to 2021.
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in a market system, what provides individuals with information needed to make decisions?
In a market system, prices provide individuals with information needed to make decisions. A market system is an economic system that allows businesses to operate with limited intervention from the government and is also known as a free-market economy.
Individuals and companies are free to buy and sell goods and services based on their preferences and economic interests. In a market system, prices help individuals make choices about what to buy and sell. Prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand, which are shaped by the interactions of buyers and sellers in the marketplace.
Prices in a market system act as a signal to buyers and sellers about the availability and value of goods and services. If the demand for a product is high, the price will rise, signaling to producers that they can earn a profit by increasing production. If the supply of a product is high, the price will fall, signaling to consumers that they can purchase the product at a lower cost.Prices also provide information about the relative scarcity of goods and services. A high price indicates that a product is relatively scarce, while a low price suggests that it is more abundant. As a result, prices help to allocate resources to their most productive uses in the economy.
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