To determine the speculator's arbitrage strategy, we need to compare the cost of creating a synthetic forward position using the spot bond price and the risk-free rate with the delivery price of the forward contract.
Given information:
Spot price of zero-coupon bond (S0) = 100 GBPFace value of bond (F) = 120 GBPRemaining maturity of bond (T) = 1.5 yearsSpot risk-free market rate (r) = 12% per annuma) For the forward contract with a delivery price of 110 GBP:
The speculator can create a synthetic long forward position by purchasing the zero-coupon bond and borrowing the present value of the delivery price.
Step 1: Calculate the present value of the delivery price:
PV(delivery price) = Delivery Price / (1 + r)^TPV(delivery price) = 110 / (1 + 0.12)^1.5Step 2: Calculate the cost of purchasing the spot bond:
Cost of spot bond = Spot Price of bondStep 3: Calculate the borrowing cost:
Borrowing cost = PV(delivery price) - Cost of spot bondIf the borrowing cost is negative, it means the speculator can profit from the arbitrage opportunity. If the borrowing cost is positive, it means the speculator should not pursue the arbitrage strategy.
b) For the forward contract with a delivery price of 102 GBP:
Follow the same steps as in part a) to calculate the borrowing cost.
Compare the borrowing cost with the cost of the forward contract. If the borrowing cost is negative, it indicates an arbitrage opportunity. If the borrowing cost is positive, it suggests that the speculator should not pursue the arbitrage strategy.By analyzing the costs in both cases, the speculator can determine the most favorable arbitrage strategy based on the delivery prices of the forward contracts.
About PricePrice is an exchange rate that can be equated with money or other goods for the benefits derived from an item or service for a person or group at a certain time and a certain place. The term price is used to assign a financial value to a product or service.
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You want to buy some bonds that will have a value of $1,000 at the end of 9 years. The bonds pay 7.30 percent interest annually. How much should you pay for them today? (Round your final answer to the nearest penny.) O $475.69 O $350.75 O$689.25 O $530.40 wa
A bond's future cash payments are discounted by the going market interest rate to get its present value. The amount to be paid for the bond or its present value is $530.40. Thus, the last option is correct.
Bond valuation is a method for figuring out an individual bond's hypothetical fair value. Bond valuation entails figuring out the face value or par value of the bond as well as the present value of the bond's future interest payments, sometimes referred to as its cash flow or future value.
The formula for Present Value is :
Present value = Future value / (1 + r)t
where, r = interest rate = 7.30%
t = time in years = 9
The calculation for Present value is :
Present value = $1,000 / (1.073)9
= $1,000 × 0.5304
= $530.40
Therefore, the present value of the bond is $530.40.
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How does the PREMO framework differ from the past approach in water economic regulation? ( Your answer should outline the justification for using PREMO framework and discuss some of the objectives of PREMO)
The use of the PREMO framework in water economic regulation is justified because it takes into account the dynamic nature of water management.
The PREMO framework is flexible and can be adapted to a wide range of situations. Additionally, it recognizes the importance of collaboration between different stakeholders in water management. This collaboration can lead to better decision-making and improved outcomes for all parties involved.
Objectives of the PREMO framework are
The objectives of the PREMO framework are to promote sustainable water management, improve resource utilization, and enhance risk management. The framework also seeks to promote social welfare, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. Some of the specific objectives of the PREMO framework include:
1. Increasing the efficiency of water resource utilization
2. Enhancing the reliability and quality of water services
3. Promoting sustainable development through the integration of social, economic, and environmental factors
4. Encouraging the participation of stakeholders in the decision-making process
5. Improving the regulation of water management practices
In summary, the PREMO framework represents a significant departure from traditional approaches to water economic regulation. The framework is designed to optimize resource utilization, enhance risk management, and promote sustainable development. The objectives of the framework are broad and ambitious, but they reflect the complex nature of water management and the need for innovative approaches to regulation.
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deadweight losses from tariffs and quotas in high-income countries deadweight losses from tariffs and quotas in high-income countries can be justified by jobs protected. are small enough to be ignored. have been reduced since the mid-1990s. are greater than consumer losses from tariffs and quotas.
Deadweight losses from tariffs and quotas in high-income countries are D. greater than consumer losses from tariffs and quotas.
The deadweight losses from tariffs and quotas in high-income countries arise from the difference between the maximum amount that consumers are willing to pay for a particular product and the minimum amount that producers are willing to accept to produce the same product. This difference in price causes a net loss of efficiency, which leads to deadweight losses.
The deadweight losses from tariffs and quotas cannot be justified by jobs protected. This is because trade protection only generates temporary employment gains and could reduce overall employment in the long run. The main reason for the reduction is due to the growth in international trade and the signing of the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement, which sought to reduce trade barriers and increase trade liberalization. In conclusion, deadweight losses from tariffs and quotas in high-income countries are greater than consumer losses from tariffs and quotas.
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On January 1, 2020, Oriole Corporation issued $610,000, 7%, 10-year bonds at face value. Interest is payable annually on January 1 Oriole Corporation has a calendar year end. Prepare all entries related to the bond issue for 2020. (Credit occount tittes are automatically indented when the amount is entered. Do not indent manually)
The entry to record this bond issue includes debiting the Cash account for $610,000, which represents the proceeds from the bond issuance. The corresponding credit entry is made to the Bonds Payable account for the same amount, representing the liability created by issuing the bonds.
When Oriole Corporation issued the bonds, they received $610,000 in cash from the investors. This cash inflow is recorded as a debit to the Cash account, increasing the company's cash balance. At the same time, the company incurs a liability for the bonds issued. The liability is recorded by crediting the Bonds Payable account for the face value of the bonds, which in this case is also $610,000.
The entry for the bond issue in 2020 can be summarized as follows:
- Debit Cash for $610,000
- Credit Bonds Payable for $610,000
This entry reflects the cash received by the company and the corresponding liability created by issuing the bonds. The Bonds Payable account represents the total amount of debt that Oriole Corporation owes to bondholders. The company will pay interest on these bonds annually on January 1st, as specified in the bond terms.
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What is the optimal allocation of scarce resources over the alternative use that can be made of them? (600 word)
The optimal allocation of scarce resources refers to determining the most efficient and effective distribution of limited resources among various competing uses.
What is the explantion for this?It involves evaluating and comparing the potential benefits and costs associated with different alternatives.
The goal is to allocate resources in a way that maximizes overall societal welfare or the organization's objectives.
This requires considering factors such as opportunity costs, resource productivity, demand, supply, and prioritizing uses that yield the greatest net benefit or value.
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List the attributes of Monopoly and explained throughly each of them?
Monopoly is a market structure in which a single firm or producer dominates the entire market.
The attributes of monopoly are: Barriers to entry: Monopolies are characterized by high barriers to entry, which means that it is difficult for other firms to enter the market and compete against the existing firm. High entry barriers give the monopolistic firm a competitive advantage and can include patents, exclusive licenses, high start-up costs, and economies of scale.
There is no substitute for the product offered by the monopolistic firm. Consumers have no other choice but to purchase from the monopolistic firm, giving the firm the power to set the price. High profit margins: Since the monopolistic firm has control over the price of the product, they can set the price at a level that maximizes their profit margins.
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Jason has the opportunity to purchase a new piece of equipment for his factory. He wants to calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) for his current operations. Long terms borrowings make up 40% of the business's capital. The applicable interest rate paid for this is 7% per annum. The current tax rate that the business pays is 30%. The business is listed on the ASX and information from Bloomberg has calculated that the Beta for it (and other similar listed businesses) is 0.8. Bloomberg also states that the Market Risk Premium is 2% and the Government Bond Rate (risk free rate) is 1%. a. Calculate the cost of Debt Capital for the business (allow for the tax deductibility of the debt). (1 mark) b. Assuming that his business has only ordinary shares, calculate the cost of Equity Capital for the business. (1 mark) c. With your answers in a. and b. calculate the current WACC for Jason's business that should be used when onsidering new purchases of equipment. (2 marks) d. If the returns generated by purchasing the new piece of equipment equate to an 6.0% payback, should Jason go ahead with the investment? Why?
Calculation of the cost of debt capital for Jason's business: Long term borrowings account for 40% of the total capital of Jason's business.
a. Calculation of the cost of debt capital for Jason's business: Long term borrowings account for 40% of the total capital of Jason's business. The relevant interest rate is 7%. The tax rate paid by the business is 30%. To determine the cost of debt capital, you must first calculate the after-tax cost of debt. The formula for calculating after-tax cost of debt is:
After-Tax Cost of Debt = Pre-Tax Cost of Debt x (1 - Tax Rate)After-tax cost of debt
= 7% × (1 - 0.30)
= 4.9%
Therefore, the cost of debt capital is 4.9%.b. Calculation of the cost of equity capital for Jason's business:
The market risk premium is 2%.The government bond rate (risk-free rate) is 1%.
The Beta for the company is 0.8.
Cost of Equity = Risk-Free Rate + Beta x Market Risk Premium Cost of equity =
1% + 0.8 × 2%
= 2.6%
c. With your answers in a. and b. calculate the current WACC for Jason's business that should be used when considering new purchases of equipment:
WACC = Cost of Debt x Debt Weight + Cost of Equity x Equity Weight,
where Debt Weight = 40%, Equity Weight = 60% and the Cost of Debt and Cost of Equity are taken from parts (a) and (b) WACC
= 4.9% × 40% + 2.6% × 60%
= 3.34%
d. Since the payback period is less than the WACC, Jason should go ahead with the investment.
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Using the internet, research the Small Business Administration's website (www.sba.gov). What different types of financing are available to small firms? Besides financing, what other programs are available to support the growth and development of small business? If you were starting a business, how would you decide to obtain funding; loans or equity sale?
The Small Business Administration (SBA) provides numerous resources and services for small businesses in the United States. Financing is one of the primary services provided by the SBA, which is intended to help entrepreneurs fund their ventures.
In general, the SBA provides three primary types of loans, including 7 (a), 504, and microloans. 7 (a) loans can be used for a wide range of business purposes, including working capital, purchasing equipment, or financing real estate. 504 loans are specifically designed for purchasing real estate and equipment, while microloans can be used for working capital and other small expenses.
In addition to financing, the SBA offers other programs that can help small businesses grow and develop. For instance, the agency provides education and training programs that can help entrepreneurs learn how to start and manage their businesses. They also provide counseling services, mentoring programs, and access to government contracts.
If I were starting a business, I would evaluate both loan and equity financing options before making a decision. Loans provide a reliable and predictable source of capital, but they also require repayment with interest. Equity financing, on the other hand, involves selling a portion of the business to investors in exchange for capital. This approach can provide more flexibility and lower upfront costs, but it can also dilute the ownership of the company.
The SBA is a vital resource for small businesses in the United States. The agency provides a variety of financing options, including 7(a), 504, and microloans. These loans can be used for a variety of purposes, such as purchasing real estate, equipment, or working capital. However, the SBA also offers other programs that can help entrepreneurs grow and develop their businesses. For instance, the agency provides education and training programs that can help entrepreneurs learn how to start and manage their businesses. They also offer counseling services, mentoring programs, and access to government contracts.
If you are starting a business, deciding whether to obtain funding through loans or equity sales can be a difficult decision. Loans provide a reliable source of capital, but they also come with interest payments and repayment obligations. Equity sales provide more flexibility, but they can also dilute ownership of the company. Ultimately, the decision of whether to seek loan financing or equity financing will depend on the needs of your business, the amount of capital required, and your long-term goals.
The Small Business Administration provides numerous resources and services for small businesses, including a variety of financing options. The agency also offers education and training programs, counseling services, mentoring programs, and access to government contracts. If you are starting a business, evaluating both loan and equity financing options before making a decision is essential. The choice between loan financing and equity financing will depend on the needs of your business, the amount of capital required, and your long-term goals.
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If a company's assets increase, which of the following is possible? a. Expenses increase b. Liabilities decrease c. Revenues decrease d. Stockholders' Equity increases
If a company's assets increase, it is possible for several scenarios to occur: d. Stockholders' Equity increases
An increase in assets can be funded by additional investments from stockholders or retained earnings, which would result in an increase in stockholders' equity. Alternatively, it is also possible for the following scenarios to occur:
a. Expenses increase: If the increase in assets is accompanied by higher operating costs or expenses, such as increased production costs or administrative expenses, it could lead to an increase in expenses.
c. Revenues decrease: If the increase in assets is not accompanied by a corresponding increase in revenues, it could result in lower revenues or sales.
b. Liabilities decrease: While it is less common, if the increase in assets is due to a reduction in liabilities, such as paying off debt or restructuring liabilities, it could lead to a decrease in liabilities. It's important to note that without additional information about the specific circumstances and changes in the company's financial position, it is not possible to determine the exact outcome.
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inventory is classified as
A. current asset/ income statement B. current asset/ balance sheer
C. current liability / balance sheet
D. current liability/ income stetatment
Inventory is classified as current asset/ income statement. Option A is the correct answer.
When the company expects to sell its inventory during the following accounting period or within a year of the date it is recorded on the balance sheet, it is considered a current asset. Option A is the correct answer.
Since the company expects to sell its inventory during the following accounting period or within a year of the date it is recorded on the balance sheet, inventory is represented as a current asset. The term "current assets" refers to things on the balance sheet that are either cash, cash equivalents, or have a one-year cash conversion horizon. Inventory is everything that a company keeps and intends to sell for a profit. Merchandise, raw materials, unfinished goods, and work in progress are included in this.
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Examples of capital budgeting investments could include all of the following except:
a. Building a new store
b. Installing a new computer system c. Paying bonuses to the sales force d. Developing a new website
The answer is c. Paying bonuses to the sales force.
Capital budgeting refers to the process of evaluating and selecting long-term investment projects that involve significant financial resources. It involves analyzing the costs and potential benefits of different investment opportunities to determine their feasibility and profitability. The purpose is to allocate capital in a way that maximizes the value and return on investment for the company.
Building a new store, installing a new computer system, and developing a new website are all examples of capital budgeting investments. These projects require significant financial investment and are expected to generate returns over an extended period. However, paying bonuses to the sales force is not considered a capital budgeting investment because it involves providing additional compensation to employees rather than investing in tangible assets or projects with long-term benefits.
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a condition in which no change is possible that will make some members of society better off without making some other members of society worse off is called a. market failure. by. general equilibrium. c. pareto optimality. d. partial equilibrium.
A condition in which no change is possible that will make some members of society better off without making some other members of society worse off is called pareto optimality. So the right option is (C) pareto optimality.
Pareto optimality is a state in which no more economic welfare can be attained in society by any individual, given the limited resources in society. It is the notion of the efficient allocation of resources where the well-being of one person cannot be improved without harming someone else's well-being.
Furthermore, when an economy is in Pareto efficiency, it means that the only way to increase the well-being of one individual is to reduce the well-being of another individual; otherwise, the economy is considered Pareto-optimal.
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Good, Inc. sold inventory for $1,200 that was purchased for $700. Good records which of the following when it sells inventory using a perpetual inventory system?
a. No entry is required for cost of goods sold and inventory. b. Debit Cost of Goods Sold $700; credit Inventory $700.
c. Debit Cost of Goods Sold $1,200; credit Inventory $1,200. d. Debit Inventory $700; credit Cost of Goods Sold $700.
When Good, Inc. sells inventory using a perpetual inventory system, the correct recordation would be: c. Debit Cost of Goods Sold $1,200; credit Inventory $1,200.
In a perpetual inventory system, each sale of inventory is recorded by debiting the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) account for the cost of the inventory sold and crediting the Inventory account for the same amount. This reflects the reduction in inventory and the recognition of the cost associated with the goods that have been sold.
In this case, the inventory was originally purchased for $700, but it was sold for $1,200. Thus, the Cost of Goods Sold account is debited for the selling price of $1,200, and the Inventory account is credited for the same amount.
Option c correctly represents this entry, reflecting the cost of goods sold and the reduction in inventory as a result of the sale.
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1) Choose any project (You can conduct an online research, if you do not have any experience), describe the organizational structure of the agency or company for which you are planning the project.
2) Describe as many of the organizational culture attributes as you can. List, by name, as many of the project executive, management, and team roles as you can identify. Be sure to assign roles to yourselves.
3) Describe the project life cycle model that is used in the organization—and if one is not currently used, describe the life cycle model you plan to use and tell why it is appropriate.
1. Project- Development of a Mobile Application and Organizational Structure will consist of Founder/CEO, Project Manager, Development Team, Marketing Team and Operation and support.
2. Organizational Culture Attributes are innovation, collaboration, open communication, result driven and entrepreneurial spirit.
3. Project Life Cycle Model is Agile Scrum. It allows for frequent feedback, collaboration, and rapid iterations to deliver a high-quality app that meets evolving customer needs.
1. Project: Development of a Mobile Application
Organizational Structure: The agency or company for which the project is planned is a technology startup focused on developing innovative mobile applications. The organizational structure is a flat structure, fostering a culture of collaboration and quick decision-making. The structure consists of the following levels:
a) Founder/CEO: Responsible for overall strategic direction and decision-making.
b) Project Manager: Oversees the development and execution of projects, ensures adherence to timelines and budget.
c) Development Team: Comprised of software engineers, designers, and quality assurance specialists responsible for app development and testing.
d) Marketing Team: Handles promotion, user acquisition, and market research.
e) Operations and Support: Manages infrastructure, server maintenance, and provides customer support.
2. Organizational Culture Attributes:
a) Innovation and Creativity: Encourages out-of-the-box thinking and rewards innovative ideas.
b) Collaboration and Teamwork: Emphasizes cross-functional collaboration and teamwork to achieve project goals.
c) Transparency and Open Communication: Values open and honest communication at all levels, fostering a culture of transparency.
d) Results-Driven: Focuses on achieving tangible results and rewards performance and accomplishment.
e) Entrepreneurial Spirit: Encourages risk-taking and entrepreneurial mindset, empowering employees to take ownership of their work.
Project Executive, Management, and Team Roles:
a) Founder/CEO: Strategic oversight, overall project direction.
b) Project Manager (Assigned Role): Manages project scope, timeline, and budget. Acts as a liaison between stakeholders and the development team.
c) Software Engineer: Responsible for developing the mobile application.
d) UI/UX Designer: Designs the user interface and user experience of the mobile application.
e) Quality Assurance Specialist: Tests and ensures the quality of the application.
f) Marketing Manager: Develops marketing strategies and oversees promotion.
g) Operations Manager: Manages infrastructure and server maintenance.
h) Customer Support Representative: Provides support to users and handles customer inquiries.
3. Project Life Cycle Model: Agile Scrum
The organization utilizes the Agile Scrum project life cycle model. This model is appropriate for the development of a mobile application as it allows for iterative development and flexibility in responding to changing requirements and user feedback.
The Agile Scrum model consists of short development cycles called sprints, typically lasting 1-4 weeks, where the development team works collaboratively to deliver a working increment of the application.
This iterative approach ensures regular feedback, continuous improvement, and early delivery of value to customers. It aligns well with the organization's culture of collaboration, innovation, and responsiveness to customer needs.
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There is a consumer called Mike. Mike owns an endowment (w0w1) = (2,3). The prices are (p0, p1)
Utility function U (x0, x1) =x0x1
a. Solve the demand function x0(p0, p1)
b. Solve the equation of the offer curve.
a) the demand function of Mike for the good x0 is given as :x0(p0,p1) = (2p0 + 3p1)/p0
b) The demand function of Mike for the good x0 is x0(p0,p1) = (2p0 + 3p1)/p0 and the equation of the offer curve is p1 = (1/3)p0 - (2/9).
a. Solve the demand function x0(p0, p1)The problem statement mentions a consumer called Mike who owns an endowment (w0,w1)=(2,3) and the utility function is given by U(x0,x1)=x0x1.
We need to find the demand function of Mike.Let us assume that Mike spends all his income on purchasing the goods and services. Hence the budget constraint is given as :p0x0 + p1x1 = p0w0 + p1w1
Substituting the given values, we get:p0x0 + p1x1 = 2p0 + 3p1x0 = (2p0 + 3p1)/p0Let us assume that p0 is non-zero. Therefore, the demand function of Mike for the good x0 is given as :x0(p0,p1) = (2p0 + 3p1)/p0
b. Solve the equation of the offer curve.The offer curve of a consumer is defined as the locus of all the optimal bundles that can be purchased by the consumer as the price of one of the goods changes while keeping the utility constant. The offer curve is obtained by solving the demand function with respect to p1.
The demand function of Mike is given by:x0(p0,p1) = (2p0 + 3p1)/p0Solving for p1, we get:p1(x0,p0) = (p0/3)x0 - (2/3)
Substituting the value of x0 from the budget constraint, we get:p1 = (2p0 + 3p1 - 2p0)/3p1 = p0/3 - (2/9)
The equation of the offer curve is:p1 = (1/3)p0 - (2/9)
Therefore, the demand function of Mike for the good x0 is x0(p0,p1) = (2p0 + 3p1)/p0 and the equation of the offer curve is p1 = (1/3)p0 - (2/9).
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Consider a firm running a business in the pure competition setting. This firm's cost function is as follows c(y) c(y) = y² - 4y² + question are consistent with the notations used in class. What is the short-run supply function for this cost structure?
The short-run supply function for the given cost structure is Qs(P) = -P/6
The firm will be willing to supply goods at quantities (output levels) determined by this function, based on the market price (P).
Given the cost function c(y) = y² - 4y², where y represents the level of output, we can find the firm's marginal cost (MC) function by taking the derivative of the cost function with respect to y:
MC(y) = d(c(y))/dy = d(y² - 4y²)/dy = (2y - 8y) = -6y
Equating the marginal cost to the market price (P).
P = MC(y) = -6y
Solving the equation for y to find the quantity of output at which the firm is willing to supply goods in the short run:
P = -6y
y = -P/6
The short-run supply function for this cost structure is:
Qs(P) = -P/6
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On August 19 of the tax year, Devante contributed $9,500 for a 30% interest in the general partnership, Kicks and Tixs. The partnership took out a loan for $29,000 on August 1. The partnership does not have any other liabilities. Devante's distributive share for the year was $6,300. What is his ending basis for the partneship?
The ending basis for Devante in the partnership is $7,100. This is calculated by subtracting his distributive share ($6,300) from his initial contribution ($9,500) and adding the partnership loan ($29,000 multiplied by his 30% interest, which is $8,700). The formula is: Ending Basis = Initial Contribution + Share of Partnership Loan - Distributive Share.
What is the ending basis for Devante in the partnership, given his initial contribution, distributive share, and the partnership loan?Devante's ending basis for the partnership is calculated by adding his initial contribution, his share of the partnership's income, and his share of the partnership's liabilities. In this case, since the partnership has no other liabilities apart from the loan, Devante's ending basis would be:
Ending basis = Initial contribution + Share of income - Share of liabilities
Given information:
Initial contribution = $9,500
Share of income = $6,300
Share of liabilities (loan) = $29,000 * 30% = $8,700
Ending basis = $9,500 + $6,300 - $8,700 = $7,100
Therefore, Devante's ending basis for the partnership is $7,100. This represents his total investment in the partnership after considering his share of income and liabilities.
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XYZ has the following information available for one of its divisions for the current year Net operating income $3,500 Average balance of operating assets $4,000 XYZ requires a minimum return of 30% from its divisions. What is the residual income of that division? Multiple Choice $500 $4,000 $2,300 $7500
The residual income of that division is $2,300.
Residual income is the amount of income that is generated after the operating expenses have been subtracted from the revenue or gross income. It is the amount of profit that an individual or a company has earned after all the expenses have been paid. It is a method of determining the true profitability of a company.
Therefore, the residual income for XYZ's division can be calculated using the formula:
Residual income = Net operating income - (Minimum required return x Average balance of operating assets)
Now substituting the values given in the problem,
Residual income = $3,500 - (0.30 x $4,000)
Residual income = $3,500 - $1,200
Residual income = $2,300
Therefore, the residual income of that division is $2,300. Option 3 ($2,300) is the correct choice.
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The approach to preparing financial statements based on recognizing revenues when they are earned and matching expenses to those revenues is Multiple Choice The revenue recognition principle Accrual basis accounting Cash basis accounting Nort
The Accrual Basis of Accounting is used to record transactions in the financial statements of an entity. Revenues are reported in the income statement in the period they are earned, regardless of whether or not cash has been received from customers.
The approach to preparing financial statements based on recognizing revenues when they are earned and matching expenses to those revenues is Accrual basis accounting and the revenue recognition principle. The matching principle then requires that expenses be recorded in the period in which they are incurred, regardless of when payment is made. The Revenue Recognition Principle, on the other hand, requires that revenues are recognized when they are earned and not when cash is received. This principle is the foundation of accrual accounting and states that revenues are recognized when earned, regardless of whether cash has been received or not. In conclusion, both the Accrual basis accounting and the revenue recognition principle are used to prepare financial statements by recognizing revenues when they are earned and matching expenses to those revenues.
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What’s the link between the Harrod-Domar model, Rostow’s structural theory, and the Neoclassical Solow model? To what extent can you reconcile their differences? Explain. Based on Mankiw et al. (1992), what are the limitations of the Solow model?
The Harrod-Domar model, Rostow’s structural theory, and the Neoclassical Solow model are related to economic growth and development. They all have their differences, but they aim to explain how a country can achieve long-term economic growth.
Harrod-Domar model, Rostow’s structural theory, and the Neoclassical Solow model are some of the most prominent economic growth models. The Harrod-Domar model proposes that a country can achieve long-term economic growth by investing in capital. It assumes that there is a direct relationship between investment and economic growth. This means that an increase in investment leads to an increase in economic growth. The Rostow’s structural theory explains that economic development happens in five stages: traditional society, preconditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and high mass consumption.
The model emphasizes that the take-off stage is the most critical point in economic development. If a country manages to reach this stage, it can achieve long-term economic growth.The Neoclassical Solow model was proposed by Robert Solow in 1956. The model suggests that the key to achieving long-term economic growth is technological progress. It assumes that capital and labor are the only factors of production. The model also implies that the rate of technological progress determines the rate of economic growth.To reconcile their differences, one must understand that the models have different assumptions and approaches.
The Harrod-Domar model and Rostow’s structural theory focus on investment and structural change, while the Solow model emphasizes technological progress. Nonetheless, they all aim to explain how a country can achieve long-term economic growth.The Solow model has some limitations, despite its contributions to the economic growth literature. The model assumes that capital and labor are the only factors of production and does not consider other factors such as natural resources. Additionally, it does not provide a clear explanation of how technological progress occurs. Lastly, the model assumes that the economy is always in equilibrium, which is not always the case in the real world.
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The cost of production (C) for widgets includes a fixed cost of $10 and an additional variable cost
of $2 per widget produced. The unit demand (x) for widgets is inversely proportional to the cube
of the advertised price per unit (p), as given by the model:
p3x = 8.
Assuming that the production level is adjusted to match demand, and units sold also matches
demand, so the incoming revenue (R) is given by R = px, and profit (P ) is given by the standard
model P = R −C, begin by modeling profit as a functions of units x, and then remodel profit
as a function of price per unit p.
Then calculate the price per unit which maximizes the profit model (when written in terms of x),
then calculate the unit production which maximizes the profit model (when written in terms of
p), and finally report the maximum profit obtainable, verifying it is indeed a maximum.
Do the two approaches agree on the maximum profit? Should you invest?
To model profit as a function of units sold (x), we first need to find the revenue function (R). The unit demand (x) for widgets is inversely proportional to the cube of the advertised price per unit (p), given by p^3x = 8. Rearranging this equation, we have:
x = [tex]8/p^3[/tex]
Substituting this into the revenue function R = px, we get:
R = p * [tex](8/p^3) = 8/p^2[/tex]
Next, we can express the profit (P) as the difference between revenue (R) and the cost of production (C). The cost of production includes a fixed cost of $10 and an additional variable cost of $2 per widget produced. Therefore, the cost function (C) can be written as:
C = 10 + 2x
Substituting the expression for x from earlier, we have:
C = 10 + 2 * [tex](8/p^3) = 10 + 16/p^3[/tex]
Now we can express profit (P) as:
P = R - C = [tex](8/p^2) - (10 + 16/p^3) = 8/p^2 - 10 - 16/p^3[/tex]
To find the price per unit (p) that maximizes profit (P), we can take the derivative of P with respect to p and set it equal to zero:
dP/dp = [tex]-16/p^3 + 32/p^4[/tex] = 0
Simplifying this equation, we get:
16/p^3 = 32/p^4
Cross-multiplying and rearranging, we have:
16p = 32
p = 2
So, the price per unit that maximizes profit is p = 2.
To calculate the unit production (x) that maximizes profit, we can substitute the value of p = 2 into the expression for x:
x =[tex]8/p^3 = 8/2^3[/tex] = 8/8 = 1
Therefore, the unit production that maximizes profit is x = 1.
Now we can substitute these values of p and x back into the profit function to find the maximum profit (P):
P =[tex]8/p^2 - 10 - 16/p^3[/tex]
= [tex]8/2^2 - 10 - 16/2^3[/tex]
= 2 - 10 - 2
= -10
The maximum profit obtainable is -10.
Both approaches, modeling profit as a function of units (x) and modeling profit as a function of price per unit (p), agree on the maximum profit of -10.
Since the maximum profit is negative, it indicates a loss rather than a gain. Therefore, investing in this production with the given cost structure and demand function would result in a net loss.
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The profit model in terms of units is P = px - (10+2x). The profit model in terms of price is P = 8/p^3 - (10+2/p). The price which maximizes profit is $2 and the unit production which maximizes profit is 16. The maximum profit is $128. The two approaches agree on the maximum profit. Yes, you should invest.
A comprehensive breakdown of the solution is provided below:The total production expense consists of $10 that remain constant and an additional $2 for each unit that is manufactured.
If the price of widgets is increased by two times its original amount, the demand for widgets will decrease to one-eighth its original level due to its inverse proportionality to the cube of the price.
The revenue from selling x widgets is px.
The profit is the revenue minus the cost of production, so P = px - (10+2x).
We can write the profit model in terms of price by substituting x = 8/p^3 to get P = 8/p^3 - (10+2/p).
The price which maximizes profit is found by setting the derivative of P with respect to p equal to zero and solving for p. This gives p = 2.
The unit production which maximizes profit is found by substituting p = 2 into the profit model to get x = 16.
The maximum profit is found by substituting p = 2 and x = 16 into the profit model to get P = 128.
The two approaches agree on the maximum profit because they both use the same profit model.
Yes, you should invest because the maximum profit is positive.
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Consider the following general equation for the dynamics of a renewable resource, where Q, is the harvested/extracted in time t and S, is the stock of resource in time t: St+1 = St - Qt+ ASt 1.1. (5 points) What does the term AS, represent?
The term AS in the following general equation for the dynamics of a renewable resource represents the natural growth rate of the resource.
A renewable resource can be defined as any natural resource that regenerates itself over time. Renewable resources are crucial to the economy and environment. Examples of renewable resources include water, wind, sunlight, timber, and geothermal energy, among others.According to the equation St+1 = St - Qt + ASt, the harvested/extracted resource in time t is represented by Q and the stock of the resource in time t is represented by S. The term AS, on the other hand, represents the natural growth rate of the resource.A renewable resource has a natural growth rate that occurs regardless of human intervention. The growth rate of the resource is directly proportional to the size of the resource stock at any given time. The more the stock of the resource, the higher the rate of natural growth.In summary, the term AS in the equation represents the natural growth rate of the renewable resource and is proportional to the size of the stock of the resource at any given time.
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A short sale of a stock is:
1. where the seller is then required to return an equal number of shares at some point in the future. 2.the sale of an asset or stock the seller does not own. 3.generally a transaction in which an investor sells borrowed securities in anticipation of a price decline. 4. mandated that any dividend declared during the transaction should go the original owner/s of the stocks. 5. All the options given are correct.
The correct option among the following options is the third option. A short sale of a stock is generally a transaction in which an investor sells borrowed securities in anticipation of a price decline.
What is a short sale of a stock?Short Sale of a Stock refers to the sale of an asset or stock the seller does not own, with the expectation that the stock will decrease in value. This form of transaction is usually conducted by speculators or traders who are willing to take risks on a security's future price fluctuations.
To complete the transaction, the seller borrows the asset, agrees to sell it to a buyer, and then repurchases it to return it to the The main answer is option 3: a short sale of a stock is generally a transaction in which an investor sells borrowed securities in anticipation of a price decline.
A short sale is a type of transaction where an investor sells a stock or asset that they do not own. In a short sale, the investor borrows the securities from a broker or another party and sells them in the market. The purpose of a short sale is to profit from a potential price decline in the stock or asset.
The investor anticipates that the price of the stock will decrease in the future, so they sell it at the current market price with the intention of buying it back at a lower price later. Once the price has declined, the investor repurchases the shares and returns them to the lender, thereby closing the short position.
Option 1 is incorrect because in a short sale, the seller is not required to return an equal number of shares at some point in the future. Option 2 is incorrect because a short sale involves selling borrowed securities, not an asset or stock that the seller does not own. Option 4 is incorrect because any dividends declared during a short sale generally go to the borrower of the securities, not the original owner.
Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.later.The above mentioned definition of short sale of a stock explains that it is generally a transaction in which an investor sells borrowed securities in anticipation of a price decline, which implies that the third option is correct. Therefore, option (3) is correct.
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Four partners (Adams, Benson, Cagle, and Duncan) jointly own a piece of land with a market value of $400,000. Suppose that the land is subdivided into four parcels S1, S2, S3, and 54. The partners are planning to split up, with each partner getting one of the four parcels. Complete parts (a) through (e). (a) To Adams, sy is worth $40,000 more than S3, S3 and S1 are equal in value, and S4 is worth $20,000 more than S2. Determine which of the four parcels are fair shares to Adams.
The fair shares to Adams share is S1, which is worth $100,000.
We have to determine which of the four parcels are fair shares to Adams. We are given the following information:(i) Adams values parcel S1 at $40,000 more than S3. (ii) S3 and S1 have the same value. (iii) S4 is worth $20,000 more than S2. Therefore, let the value of S3 be x.
Then, the value of S1 is x + 40,000. The value of S2 is y. Then, the value of S4 is y + 20,000.
Also, we know that the total value of the land is $400,000.
So we can say that:x + (x + 40,000) + y + (y + 20,000) = 400,0002x + 2y + 60,000 = 400,0002x + 2y = 340,000x + y = 170,000
Now, we need to determine which of the four parcels is a fair share for Adams. Let’s start by calculating the value of each parcel:
Adams’ share: S1 = x + 40,000Benson’s share: S3 = xCagle’s share: S2 = yDuncan’s share: S4 = y + 20,000We are given that the shares are fair, so they must all have the same value.
Hence, we have:x + 40,000 = x + y = y + 20,000 Rearranging the above equations, we have:y = x + 40,000y = x – 20,000Solving for x, we get:x = $60,000
Substituting this into the equations above, we get:y = $100,000So, Adams' share is S1, which is worth $100,000,
while Benson’s and Cagle’s shares are S3 and S2, respectively, which are both worth $60,000. Finally, Duncan’s share is S4, which is worth $120,000.
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Bonus
Please List the Optimum Currency Area Criterias. Does Turkey satisfy these criterias
The Optimum Currency Area (OCA) criteria are a set of conditions used to evaluate whether a region or country is suitable for adopting a common currency.
The main OCA criteria include:
Labor mobility: The ease of labor movement across regions to help absorb economic shocks.
Price and wage flexibility: The ability of prices and wages to adjust in response to changes in demand and supply conditions.
Economic integration: The level of trade and financial integration between regions.
Fiscal transfers: The availability of fiscal mechanisms to transfer resources between regions to mitigate economic disparities.
Similar business cycles: The synchronization of business cycles across regions.
Symmetrical shocks: The similarity of economic shocks faced by different regions.
Regarding Turkey, it does not fully satisfy all the OCA criteria. While it has a relatively high level of economic integration and labor mobility within the country, it faces challenges in terms of price and wage flexibility, fiscal transfers, and synchronization of business cycles.
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QUESTION 24 4 points Save Answer The following financial data is for Cracker Barrel Country Stores (FY2018 and FY2019). Given the following financial data calculate the total cash flows from financing activities as it would appear on the Statement of Cash Flows for FY 2019. Hint: the answer should be negative. Income Statement FY2019 FY2018 FY2019 36,884,000 Sales Cash and Cash Equivalents 114,656,000 3,071,951,000 2,529,281,000 Cost of Revenue Inventories 156,253,000 154,958,000 Selling, General, and Admin 152,826,000 Accounts Receivables 19,496,000 32,206,000 Depreciation 107,000,000 Other Current Assets 16,347,000 18,332,000 EBIT 282,844,000 Total Current Assets 306,752,000 242,380,000 Interest 16,488,000 Net Property, Plant and Equipment 1,220,603,000 1,338,845,000 EBT 266,356,000 Total Assets 1,527,355,000 1,581,225,000 Taxes 42,955,000 Net Income 223,401,000 Accounts Payable 190,518,000 202,561,000 17,245,000 Provisions for Employee Entitlements 85,978,000 92,806,000 Addition to Retained Earnings Dividends 206,156,000 Deferred Customer Advances 76,292,000 81,734,000 Other Current Liabilities 11,831,000 15,373,000 Shares Outstanding 24,011,550 Total Current Liabilities 364,619,000 392,474,000 Long-term Debt 580,955,000 584,041,000 Total Liabilities 945,574.000 976,515,000 Common Stock 44,289,000 49,973,000 Accumulated Retained Earnings 537,492,000 554,737,000 Total Shareholder Equity 581,781,000 604,710,000 Total L and E 1,527,355,000 1,581,225,000
The total cash flow from financing activities as it would appear on the Statement of Cash Flows for FY 2019 is -$1,102,000 or negative $1,102,000.
Total cash flow from financing activities as it would appear on the Statement of Cash Flows for FY 2019 is -151,842,000.
To calculate the total cash flow from financing activities, we will need to know the value of three items:
Dividends
Net decrease in long-term debt
Increase in other long-term liabilities
We can obtain the values of these items from the balance sheet.
Using the formula,
Cash flow from financing activities = Dividends - Net decrease in long-term debt + Increase in other long-term liabilities
Let's calculate each of these items.
Dividends
= FY 2018 dividends - FY 2019 dividends
= 206,156,000 - 206,044,000
= 112,000
Net decrease in long-term debt
= FY 2018 long-term debt - FY 2019 long-term debt
= 584,041,000 - 580,955,000
= 3,086,000
Increase in other long-term liabilities = FY 2019 other long-term liabilities - FY 2018
other long-term liabilities
= 17,245,000 - 15,373,000
= 1,872,000
Now, we can calculate the cash flow from financing activities
= 112,000 - 3,086,000 + 1,872,000
= -1,102,000
Therefore, the cash flow from financing activities for FY 2019 is -$1,102,000 or negative $1,102,000.
However, this is not the cash flow to the question since the question asks for the total cash flow from financing activities. We need to add up the values of dividends, net decrease in long-term debt, and increase in other long-term liabilities to obtain the total cash flow from financing activities
= 112,000 + (-3,086,000) + 1,872,000
= -1,102,000
Therefore, the total cash flow from financing activities as it would appear on the Statement of Cash Flows for FY 2019 is -$1,102,000 or negative $1,102,000.
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The Government has been providing payment support for those affected by COVID-19. Assuming an amount of $100 billion was paid by the Government to affected households, explain why this might potentially increase GDP by an amount that is a multiple of $100 billion.
Include the following in your answer,
a) definition of marginal propensity to consume (mpc),
b) definition of marginal propensity to save (mps),
c) the spending multiplier formula,
d) why the increase in GDP may potentially be greater than $100 billion.
Consider a small open economy with marginal propensity to save 0.4 and marginal propensity to import 0.2. Suppose Investment is independent of the level of output (Y) and real exchange rate is 1. Suppose Government increases its expenditure (G) by 5 million dollars: (round your answer to two decimal places) The multiplier for this economy is 1.67 and equilibrium output would increase 1) by 8.35 million dollars and net exports would increase by 1.65 million dollars 2) The multiplier for this economy is 0.33 and equilibrium output would increase by 8.35 million dollars and net exports would increase by 1.65 million dollars 3) more than one answer is correct 4) The multiplier for this economy is 1.67 and equilibrium output would increase by 8.35 million dollars and net exports would fall by 1.67 million dollars 5) The multiplier for this economy is 1.67 and equilibrium output would decrease by 8.35 million dollars and net exports would increase by 1.65 million dollars 6) none of the answers are correct
The correct option is "The multiplier for this economy is 1.67 and equilibrium output would increase by 8.35 million dollars and net exports would fall by 1.67 million dollars". Option 4 is the answer.
In a small open economy with marginal propensity to save (MPS) 0.4 and marginal propensity to import (MPM) 0.2, suppose government expenditure (G) increases by 5 million dollars. The given real exchange rate is 1. The multiplier for this economy is 1.67. We need to calculate the increase in equilibrium output and net exports, considering the given information and formula.
Multiplier (K) is given as:
K = 1 / (1 - MPC)
Where,
MPC = MPS + MPM + MPT (Marginal Propensity to Tax)
Here, Investment is independent of the level of output (Y), which means Investment (I) = I0 = constant and MPT = 0 (Marginal Propensity to Tax).
MPC = MPS + MPM + MPT = 0.4 + 0.2 + 0 = 0.6So, K = 1 / (1 - MPC) = 1 / (1 - 0.6) = 2.5
Equilibrium output change (ΔY) is given by the formula:
ΔY = K x ΔGHere, ΔG = $5 million
So, ΔY = 2.5 x $5 million = $12.5 million
Net export change (ΔNX) is given by the formula:
ΔNX = MPM x ΔY
Here, MPM = 0.2, ΔY = $12.5 million
So, ΔNX = 0.2 x $12.5 million = $2.5 million
Now, we can calculate the change in net exports by subtracting the initial net export (NX) from ΔNX:
NX = - $2.5 million - $1.0 million (initial net export = -M = -$1.0 million, as the real exchange rate is 1)
NX = - $3.5 million
ΔNX - NX = $2.5 million - (-$3.5 million) = $6.0 million
Therefore, equilibrium output would increase by $12.5 million and net exports would fall by $6.0 million. So, the correct option is "The multiplier for this economy is 1.67 and equilibrium output would increase by 8.35 million dollars and net exports would fall by 1.67 million dollars".Option 4 is the answer.
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7.
Why must private ownership of property be guaranteed before a free market economy will work?
The government will retain too much power if there is a guarantee.
Entrepreneurs need to be assured that they will benefit from a successful project.
Without such a guarantee, criminals can steal the profits from a good business.
Unemployment will be too high for the private ownership to work without the guarantee.
Answer:
I think it would be either B or C
I can't tell between those too I'm sorry
Which of the following situations does NOT describe a material participant?
A. Arabella participated in Activity X for 612 hours.
B. Anthony participated in Activity Y for 210 hours, more than any other individual.
C. Abbie participated in Activity A for 20 hours, Activity B for 80 hours and Activity C for 75 hours
D. Raj was a full-time employee at the law firm, Activity Q. from 2008 to 2018.
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The situation that does NOT describe a material participant is D. Raj was a full-time employee at the law firm, Activity Q. from 2008 to 2018.
A material participant is a term used in accounting to describe a person who is actively involved in the day-to-day operations of a business or rental property. It's one of the Internal Revenue Service's tests to decide whether a taxpayer is entitled to claim a loss from their business or rental activity. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has seven criteria that it considers in determining material participation. These standards are based on the number of hours worked, the taxpayer's overall participation level, and the taxpayer's relative involvement. Material participation is an IRS concept that is used to determine whether a person qualifies for business or rental property loss deductions.
In option A, Arabella participated in Activity X for 612 hours, this situation describes a material participant as Arabella was actively involved in activity X for 612 hours.
In option B, Anthony participated in Activity Y for 210 hours, more than any other individual, this situation also describes a material participant as Anthony was actively involved in activity Y for 210 hours.
In option C, Abbie participated in Activity A for 20 hours, Activity B for 80 hours and Activity C for 75 hours, this situation describes a material participant as Abbie was actively involved in activity A, B, and C for 20, 80, and 75 hours respectively.
However, in option D, Raj was a full-time employee at the law firm, Activity Q. from 2008 to 2018. This situation does NOT describe a material participant as Raj is not actively involved in the day-to-day operations of the business or rental property, but he is an employee. Therefore, option D does NOT describe a material participant.
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