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Answer:
The number 3.97 is very close to the whole number 4. Therefore, the difference of 4.3 - 3.97 is about 0.33. So, the difference of 4.3 - 3.97 is less than 1.
Remember: The farther the number is to the right, the smaller it becomes.
Ex. 0.10 is greater than 0.100 since the number is shorter and closer to the ones/whole number spot.
Hope this Helps!:)
Related Questions
solve the given initial-value problem. x' = 2 5 9 0 3 0 1 1 2 x, x(0) = 1 4 0
Answers
The solution to the given initial-value problem is x(t) = e^(2t) [3e^(4t) + 2te^(4t) + 3t^2e^(4t)].
The initial-value problem is defined by the first-order linear system of differential equations x' = A*x, where A is the given matrix and x(0) is the initial condition vector.
To solve this initial-value problem, we first find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix A. Then we can express the solution as x(t) = e^(At) * x(0), where e^(At) is the matrix exponential.
After finding the eigenvalues of A to be 2, 4, and 4, and corresponding eigenvectors, we can compute the matrix exponential e^(At) using the formula e^(At) = P * diag(e^(λ_1t), e^(λ_2t), e^(λ_3*t)) * P^(-1), where P is the matrix of eigenvectors.
Finally, substituting the values into the matrix exponential and multiplying it with the initial condition vector x(0), we obtain the solution x(t) as mentioned above.
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Let f(x, y, z) = x² + y² − z². Show that ƒ has one critical point, which does not give a relative extremum. Describe the level sets.
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The second derivative test is inconclusive, indicating that the critical point (0, 0, 0) does not provide a relative extremum, and the Hessian matrix is zero.The surfaces on which is constant are represented by the level sets of (x, y, z). The level sets in this instance can be obtained by solving the equation x2 + y2 - z2 = k, where k is a constant.
Find the values of (x, y, z) at which the partial derivatives of are zero with respect to x, y, and z in order to identify the critical points of the function (x, y, z) = x2 + y2 - z2.
The partial derivatives yield the following:
/x = 2x, /y = 2y, and /z = -2z.
We discover that the only solution is (0, 0, 0) when each derivative is set to zero. As a result, the only critical point of is (0, 0, 0).
We can look at the second derivative test or the Hessian matrix to see if this point gives us a relative extremum. Assessing the subsequent subordinates, we observe that the Hessian framework is:
The second derivative test is inconclusive because the determinant of the Hessian matrix is zero. This indicates that the critical point (0, 0, 0) does not provide a relative extremum. H = | 2 0 0 | | 0 2 0 | | 0 0 -2 |
The level arrangements of ƒ(x, y, z) address the surfaces where ƒ is steady. In this instance, the equation x2 + y2 - z2 = k, where k is a constant, describes the level sets. These level sets are circular hyperboloids, opening along the z-pivot.
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let =arccos(4), where 0 < x < 1⁄4. Write sin(y) as an expression in terms of x.
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The answer is sin(y) = 4/sqrt(16 - 16x^2).
We can use the following identity:
sin(y) = sqrt[tex](1 - cos^2(y))[/tex]
Since x = cos(y), we can substitute to get:
sin(y) = sqrt[tex](1 - x^2)[/tex]
We are given that 0 < x < 1/4. This means that [tex]x^2[/tex] < [tex]\frac{1}{16}[/tex]Therefore, we can simplify the expression for sin(y) as follows:
sin(y) = sqrt([tex](1 - x^2)[/tex] = sqrt([tex]1 - \frac{1}{16}[/tex] = sqrt([tex]\frac{15}{16}[/tex]) = 4/sqrt([tex]16 - 16x^2[/tex])
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Joe Jackson carries Liability and property damage insurance coverage up to $50,000 per accident and comprehensive and collision coverage that carries a $500 deductible. He lost control of his car and drove into a porch of a residential home. Damage to the home was $25,400 and damage to a patio set was $700. Damage to his own car was $6,500. a) What was the total property damage, excluding Joe's car? b) How much did the insurance company pay for the property damage, excluding Joe's car? c) How much did the insurance company pay for damage to Joe's car? d) How much did the accident cost Joe personally?
Answers
The total amount that the accident costs Joe personally is $7,000.
The following is the solution to the problem that consists of terms such as "Liability", "property damage insurance", "collision coverage":
a) The total property damage, excluding Joe's car, is:$25,400 + $700 = $26,100
b) The insurance company paid: $50,000 - $26,100 = $23,900 for the property damage, excluding Joe's car.
c) The insurance company paid: $6,500 - $500 = $6,000 for the damage to Joe's car.
d) The accident costs Joe personally: $500 (deductible) + $6,500 (for car damage) = $7,000
Therefore, the total amount that the accident costs Joe personally is $7,000.
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Define a relation Ron R by for a, b eR: (a,b) e Rif and only if a - bez. Which of the following properties does have? Reflexive Symmetric Antisymmetric O Transitive
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The relation R, defined as (a, b) ∈ R if and only if a - b = 0, has the properties of being reflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric, and transitive.
The relation R has the following properties:
Reflexive: Yes, R is reflexive because for any element a in R, (a, a) is in R since a - a = 0.
Symmetric: Yes, R is symmetric because if (a, b) is in R, then a - b = 0, which implies that b - a = -(a - b) = 0. Therefore, (b, a) is also in R.
Antisymmetric: Yes, R is antisymmetric because if (a, b) and (b, a) are both in R, then a - b = 0 and b - a = 0. This implies that a = b, and therefore, (a, b) and (b, a) are the same elements. Since R relates distinct elements only when they are equal, R is antisymmetric.
Transitive: Yes, R is transitive because if (a, b) and (b, c) are both in R, then a - b = 0 and b - c = 0. Adding these two equations, we get (a - b) + (b - c) = a - c = 0, which means that (a, c) is in R.
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the bacteria in a 10-liter container double every 2 minutes. after 57 minutes the container is full. how long did it take to fill a quarter of the container?
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If the bacteria in a 10-liter container double every 2 minutes, then it took approximately 51 minutes to fill a quarter of the container with bacteria.
We know that the bacteria in a 10-liter container double every 2 minutes. After 57 minutes, the container is full. To determine how long it took to fill a quarter of the container, we can work backward.
Since the bacteria double every 2 minutes, the container would be half full after 55 minutes (57 minutes minus 2 minutes). After 53 minutes, it would be a quarter full (55 minutes minus 2 minutes).
Therefore, it took approximately 53 minutes to fill a quarter of the container with bacteria.
By subtracting 53 minutes from the total time it took to fill the container (57 minutes), we find that the remaining time of 4 minutes was needed to fill the remaining three-quarters of the container.
Thus, based on the given doubling rate, it took 53 minutes to fill a quarter of the container with bacteria.
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Romberg integration for approximating Sof(x)dx gives R21 = 5 and R22 = 3 then f(1) = 3.815 4.01 -0.5 1.68
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The main answer is: f(1) = 3.815.
The Romberg integration method is a numerical technique used to approximate definite integrals. It involves using a combination of repeated trapezoidal rule calculations to refine the approximation.
Given that R21 = 5 and R22 = 3, we can deduce that the Romberg integration process has been performed with two levels of refinement.
In Romberg integration, the subscript of Rxy represents the level of refinement, where x represents the number of intervals used, and y represents the level of the refinement.
Therefore, R21 corresponds to the result obtained after one level of refinement, and R22 corresponds to the result after two levels of refinement.
To find the value of f(1), we look at the diagonal elements of the Romberg integration table. The diagonal elements represent the most accurate approximations available at each refinement level.
From the given information, we have:
R21 = 5, which represents the approximation of the integral after one level of refinement.
R22 = 3, which represents the approximation of the integral after two levels of refinement.
Since we are interested in finding f(1), we look at the first element of the diagonal in the second row (R21). This value corresponds to the approximation of the integral using two intervals. Therefore, f(1) is equal to 3.815.
Hence, the answer is: f(1) = 3.815.
The Romberg integration is a numerical method used to approximate definite integrals. The given values R21 = 5 and R22 = 3 indicate the results obtained after one and two levels of refinement, respectively. By looking at the diagonal elements of the Romberg integration table, we find that f(1) is equal to 3.815.
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State whether each of the following is true or false, and justify your answer. Assume that a and b are positive, non-zero constants. a) log n = O(n) b) n² + 3 = O(n³) c) n³ + 2 = O(n) d) nº = O(nb
Answers
a) log n = O(n) is false because in logarithmic functions, the growth rate is much slower than any polynomial function like n, n², n³, etc. Hence, it is not true that logarithmic functions grow at the same rate as polynomial functions.
b) n² + 3 = O(n³) is true. The big O notation tells us that n² + 3 grows at most as fast as n³ for large values of n. Thus, it is true that n² + 3 = O(n³).c) n³ + 2 = O(n) is false. The big O notation tells us that n³ + 2 grows at most as fast as n for large values of n. This is not true, as n grows much faster than n³ + 2 for large values of n.
Hence, it is not true that n³ + 2 = O(n).d) nº = O(nb) is true because any constant function grows at most as fast as any power function. Since nº is a constant function, it grows at most as fast as any power function nb. Hence, it is true that nº = O(nb).
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Verify that || x || = max|x(6)\,t € [a, b] defines a norm on the space C[a,b]. x0|a Cb а
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The norm satisfies all three properties, we can conclude that ||x|| = max|x(t)| defines a norm on the space C[a, b].
To verify that ||x|| = max|x(t)|, where x belongs to the space C[a, b], defines a norm on C[a, b], we need to check if it satisfies the three properties of a norm:
Non-negativity: ||x|| ≥ 0 for all x in C[a, b].Definiteness: ||x|| = 0 if and only if x = 0.Homogeneity: ||αx|| = |α| ||x|| for all x in C[a, b] and α in the scalar field.Let's examine each property:
Non-negativity:For any x in C[a, b], ||x|| = max|x(t)| ≥ 0 since the maximum value of the absolute value of x(t) is non-negative.
Thus, the non-negativity property holds.
Definiteness:
If ||x|| = max|x(t)| = 0, it means that |x(t)| = 0 for all t in [a, b]. Since absolute value is always non-negative, the only way for |x(t)| to be zero is if x(t) is zero for all t in [a, b]. Therefore, x must be the zero function.
Hence, the definiteness property holds.
Homogeneity:
Let's consider αx, where α is a scalar and x is a function in C[a, b]. Then, (αx)(t) = α * x(t) for all t in [a, b].
Taking the absolute value, we have |(αx)(t)| = |α * x(t)| = |α| * |x(t)|.
Therefore, max|(αx)(t)| = |α| * max|x(t)| = |α| * ||x||.
Thus, the homogeneity property holds.
Since the norm satisfies all three properties, we can conclude that ||x|| = max|x(t)| defines a norm on the space C[a, b].
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Find me about maximum and memum, it seres for the function on the indicated interval f(x)= x^6+4x^2-5
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the function f(x) = [tex]x^6 + 4x^2 - 5[/tex] does not have a maximum or minimum on any specific interval.
To find the maximum and minimum of a function, we typically look for critical points where the derivative is zero or undefined. We can then analyze the behavior of the function around those points.
Taking the derivative of f(x), we have f'(x) = [tex]6x^5 + 8x[/tex]. Setting f'(x) = 0, we find the critical points at x = 0. However, upon further analysis, we find that this critical point does not correspond to a maximum or minimum since the derivative does not change sign around x = 0.
Additionally, as x approaches positive or negative infinity, the function continues to increase or decrease without bound. This indicates that there is no maximum or minimum value for the function on any interval.
Therefore, the function f(x) = [tex]x^6 + 4x^2 - 5[/tex] does not have a maximum or minimum on any specific interval.
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solve xy'=2y-4x, y(1)=-2
(a) Identify the integrating factor, α(x)=
(b) Find the general solution. y(x)= Note: Use C for the arbitrary constant.
(c) Solve the initial value problem y(1)=−2 y(x)=
Answers
a. The integrating factor α(x) = [tex]e^{x^{2} +C[/tex]
b. The general solution is: y = -(4/3)x² - (C/2) + D
c. The solution to the initial value problem is: y(x) = -(4/3)x² - (C/2) + D
How do we calculate?(a)The integrating factor is given by
α(x) = e∫P(x)dx,
P(x) = 2x,
so α(x) = e∫2xdx.
P(x) = ∫2xdx = x² + C, where C is the constant of integration
.(b) Find the general solution, y(x):
Multiply the given equation by the integrating factor α(x):
xy' - 2y = -4x² - Cx
d/dx(xy) = -4x² - Cx.
Integrating both sides with respect to x gives:
∫d/dx(xy)dx = ∫(-4x² - Cx)dx
xy = -(4/3)x³ - (C/2)x + K
Divide both sides by x:
y = -(4/3)x² - (C/2) + (K/x)
(c)The solution to the initial value problem is given: y(x) = -(4/3)x² - (C/2) + D, where C and D are arbitrary constants.
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The data set below is a random sample of the heights (in meters) of women belonging to a certain ethnic subgroup. Assume the population is normally distributed. 1.38 1.47 1.47 1.53 1.61 1.60 a) Find the mean and standard deviation of the data. (Give your answers to three decimal places.) Answers: mean - standard deviation b) Conduct a hypothesis test at the 0.10 significance level to test the claim that the population mean is less than 1.56. The critical region runs from to Answers: The value of the test statistic is The correct conclusion is At the 0.1 significance level, the sample data support the claim that the population mean is less than 1.56. At the 0.1 significance level, there is not sufficient sample evidence to support the claim that the population mean is less than 1.56. At the 0.1 significance level, there is sufficient sample evidence to reject the claim that the population mean is less than 1.56. At the 0.1 significance level, there is not sufficient sample evidence to reject the claim that the population mean is less than 1.56.
Answers
a) The mean is 1.515 and the standard deviation is 0.089. b) At the 0.1 significance level, there is sufficient sample evidence to reject the claim that the population means is less than 1.56. The correct conclusion is option C.
a) Mean: To calculate the mean, you need to add up all the values and divide by the total number of values.
μ = ΣX / n = 1.38 + 1.47 + 1.47 + 1.53 + 1.61 + 1.60 / 6= 1.515
Standard Deviation: It can be calculated as follows;
σ = √[Σ(X - μ)² / N]= √[(1.38 - 1.515)² + (1.47 - 1.515)² + (1.47 - 1.515)² + (1.53 - 1.515)² + (1.61 - 1.515)² + (1.60 - 1.515)² / 6]
= √[0.0442 / 6]
= 0.089
b) Null Hypothesis: H₀: μ ≥ 1.56
Alternative Hypothesis: H₁: μ < 1.56
Level of Significance: α = 0.10
This is a one-tailed test with the critical region to the left.
Test Statistic: Since the sample size is small (n < 30), we use a t-distribution.t = (x - μ) / (s / √n)
Where: x = Sample Mean
μ = Population Mean
S = Sample Standard Deviation
n = Sample Sizet = (1.515 - 1.56) / (0.089 / √6)
= -1.92
Critical Region: The critical value can be found using a t-table or a calculator with a t-distribution function. The critical value with 5 degrees of freedom at a 0.10 level of significance is -1.812.
Conclusion: Since the test statistic (-1.92) is less than the critical value (-1.812), we reject the null hypothesis. This means that there is sufficient sample evidence to support the claim that the population mean is less than 1.56. Hence, the correct option is C.
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prove the following equivalence laws. Be sure to cite every law you use, and show every step. i) (p →q) v (p • → r) = p → (q V r)
Answers
The expression (p →q) v (p → r) = p → (q v r) is equivalent by the distributive property
How to prove the logic expressionFrom the question, we have the following parameters that can be used in our computation:
(p →q) v (p → r) = p → (q v r)
The distributive property of logic states that
(A then B) or (A then C) is equivalent to A then (B or C)
The left hand side of the equation (p →q) v (p → r) = p → (q v r) can be interpreted as:
(P then Q) or (P then R)
This means that the right hand side is
P then (Q or R)
So, we have
p → (q v r) = p → (q v r)
Hence, (p →q) v (p → r) = p → (q v r) is equivalent by the distributive property
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a correlation coefficient of -1.0 between two sets of numbers indicates
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A correlation coefficient of -1.0 between two sets of numbers that when one set of numbers goes up, the other set goes down; a complete lack of any correlation between the two sets. The correct answer is d)
The correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two sets of numbers. It ranges from -1 to +1, where -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation, +1 indicates a perfect positive correlation, and 0 indicates no linear correlation.
When the correlation coefficient is -1.0, it signifies a perfect negative correlation. This means that when one set of numbers increases, the other set decreases in a perfectly linear fashion. As the value of one set of numbers increases, the value of the other set decreases in a proportional manner.
Therefore, option d) is the correct answer, as it accurately describes the behavior exhibited by a correlation coefficient of -1.0. It indicates a complete lack of any correlation between the two sets, with one set going up while the other set goes down in a perfectly linear relationship.
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Complete question is:
A correlation coefficient of -1.0 between two sets of numbers
a) indicates a positive correlation between the two sets.
b) that when one set of numbers goes up, so does the other set.
c) an indefinite relationship between the two sets.
d) that when one set of numbers goes up, the other set goes down a complete lack of any correlation between the two sets.
6.16 (**) Consider a parametric model governed by the parameter vector w together with a data set of input values X1, ..., XN and a nonlinear feature mapping Q(x). Suppose that the dependence of the error function on w takes the form J(w) = f(wTº(x1), ..., wTº(xn)) + g(wIw) W W W T W (6.97) where g() is a monotonically increasing function. By writing w in the form N W = ape(x)+w| (6.98) n=1 show that the value of w that minimizes J(w) takes the form of a linear combination of the basis functions °(xn) for n = 1, ...,N.
Answers
Given a parametric model governed by the parameter vector w with a data set of input values X1, …, XN and a nonlinear feature mapping Q(x).
Let the dependence of the error function on w be J(w) = f (wTº(x1), …, wTº(xn)) + g(wIw) W W W T W (6.97), where g() is a monotonically increasing function.
By writing w in the form N W = ape(x) + w| (6.98) n=1,
we have to show that the value of w that minimizes J(w) takes the form of a linear combination of the basis functions °(xn) for n = 1, …, N. We know that W = ape(x) + w| (6.98) n=1 can be written as W = Qα + w| (6.99) where Q is an N × p matrix whose columns are Q(xn), α is a p-dimensional vector of expansion coefficients, and w| is a weight vector of length M - p. By substituting the expression for w from (6.99) into the error function in (6.97),
we have J(α, w|) = f(QαTQ, 1, …, QαTQN) + g(wTQw|) = f(αTQTQα, …) + g(wTQw|) = J(α) + g(wTQw|)
Therefore, to minimize J(α,w|), we need to minimize J(α) + g(wTQw|) subject to the constraint that W = Qα + w|. However, g () is monotonically increasing, and so is J(α), so their sum will be minimized when g(wTQw|) = 0. This means that w| = 0, and hence W = Qα. Hence the value of w that minimizes J(w) takes the form of a linear combination of the basic functions °(xn) for n = 1, …, N.
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A study of 420,000 cell phones user found that 0.0317% of them developed cancer of the brain or nervous system. Prior to this study of cell phone use, the rate of such cancer was found to be 0.0327% for those not using cell phones. Compute parts (a) and (b)
a. Use the sample data to construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the percentage of cell phone users who develop cancer of the brain or nervous system
______%
1. Do cell phone users appear to have a rate of cancer of the brain or nervous system that is different from the rate of such cancer among these not using cell phones ? Why and why not?
A. No, because 0.0327% is not included in the confidence interval.
B. No, because 0.0327% is included in the confidence interval.
C. Yes, because 0.0327% is included in the confidence interval.
D. Yes, because 0.0327% is not included in the confidence interval.
Answers
The correct answer to the question is D. Yes, because 0.0327% is not included in the confidence interval.
How to calculate the valueConfidence interval = (sample proportion - Z * standard error of the proportion, sample proportion + Z * standard error of the proportion)
Substituting these values into the formula for the standard error of the proportion, we get:
standard error of the proportion = ✓(0.0317*(1-0.0317))/420000)
= 0.0000072
Substituting this value into the formula for the confidence interval, we get:
Confidence interval = (0.0317 - 1.96 * 0.0000072, 0.0317 + 1.96 * 0.0000072)
Therefore, the 95% confidence interval estimate of the percentage of cell phone users who develop cancer of the brain or nervous system is 0.0316% to 0.0318%.
Therefore, cell phone users appear to have a higher rate of cancer of the brain or nervous system than those who do not use cell phones. The correct answer to the question is D. Yes, because 0.0327% is not included in the confidence interval.
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be uploaded on Moodie immediately after completing the test) Gestion 15 23 Assume that females have put rates the normally with mean of 73.25 Then a. If 4 adult females are randomly selected, find the probability that they have pulse rates with a sample sans sem The probability to (Round to four decimal places as needed.) b. Why can the normal distribution be used in part (a), even though the sample size does not exceed 30? O A. Since the distribution of sample means, not individuals, the distribution is a normal distribution for any vargle uze. 3. Since the original population has a normal distribution, the distribution of sample means is a normal distribution for any sample size C. Since the mean pulse rate exceeds 30, the distribution of sample means is a normal distribution for any sample size D. Since the distribution is of individuals, not sample means, the distribution is a normal distribution for any sample size be ed on g the test.)
Answers
The probability of randomly selecting 4 adult females with pulse rates in a certain range can be determined using the normal distribution, despite the sample size being less than 30.
In part (a) of the problem, we are interested in finding the probability of randomly selecting 4 adult females with pulse rates in a certain range, assuming that the pulse rates follow a normal distribution with a mean of 73.25. To calculate this probability, we can use the properties of the normal distribution.
Even though the sample size is less than 30, we can still use the normal distribution in this case. This is because we are interested in the distribution of the sample mean, not the distribution of individual pulse rates. The central limit theorem states that when the sample size is sufficiently large, the distribution of the sample means will be approximately normal, regardless of the shape of the original population distribution.
Therefore, option A is the correct explanation. Since we are dealing with the distribution of sample means and not individuals, the distribution will be approximately normal for any sample size. The normal distribution is a useful approximation for many real-world scenarios, even when the sample size is less than 30, as long as certain conditions are met (e.g., the population is not heavily skewed or has extreme outliers).
In conclusion, we can use the normal distribution to calculate the probability of selecting 4 adult females with pulse rates within a certain range, even though the sample size is less than 30, because we are considering the distribution of sample means rather than individual values.
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1a) Given the sequence: M A T H M A T H M A T H M A ...
If this pattern continues, what letter will be in the 2022nd position?
b)Let U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j} and
F={a, b, c, d}, G={a, c, e, g, i}and H={c, d, e, g, h, j}.
c) Draw a Venn Diagram to represent the universe.
d) Write the elements of the set:
( ∪ )′ ∩ H
Answers
a) The letter in the 2022nd position of the sequence "MATHMATHMATHMATH..." can be determined by finding the remainder of 2022 divided by 4, which corresponds to the position of the letter in the set {M, A, T, H}. b) Given the sets U, F, G, and H, we need to find the elements in the set (U∪F)′∩H, which represents the elements that are in the complement of the union of sets U and F, intersected with set H.
a) In the given sequence "MATHMATHMATHMATH...", the pattern repeats every 4 letters (M, A, T, H). To find the letter in the 2022nd position, we need to determine the remainder when dividing 2022 by 4. The remainder is 2, which means the letter in the 2022nd position is the second letter in the set {M, A, T, H}, which is 'A'.
b) To find the elements in the set (U∪F)′∩H, we first need to calculate the union of sets U and F. The union of U and F is {a, b, c, d}. Taking the complement of this union gives us the elements not in {a, b, c, d}, which are {e, f, g, h, i, j}. Finally, intersecting this set with set H, we find the common elements between {e, f, g, h, i, j} and H. The elements in the set (U∪F)′∩H are {c, e, g}.
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deliyahjone
01/18/2017
Mathematics
High School
answered • expert verified
The polynomial equation x3+x2=-9x-9 has complex roots +-3i . What is the other root? Use a graphing calculator and a system of equations.
–9
–1
0
1
Answers
The other root of the polynomial equation is -6i.
To find the other root of the polynomial equation x³ + x²= -9x - 9, we can use the fact that the sum of the roots of a polynomial equation is equal to the negation of the coefficient of the x² term divided by the coefficient of the x³ term.
Let's denote the third root as r. The sum of the roots will be:
(-3i) + (3i) + r = 0
Simplifying this equation, we have:
r = -(3i) - (3i)
r = -6i
Therefore, the other root of the polynomial equation is -6i.
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Consider the accompanying data on flexural strength (MPa) for concrete beams of a certain type.
5.4 7.2 7.3 6.3 8.1 6.8 7.0 7.6 6.8 6.5 7.0 6.3 7.9 9.0 8.4 8.7 7.8 9.7 7.4 7.7 9.7 8.1 7.7 11.6 11.3 11.8 10.7
The data below give accompanying strength observations for cylinders.
6.2 5.8 7.8 7.1 7.2 9.2 6.6 8.3 7.0 9.0 8.0 8.1 7.4 8.5 8.9 9.8 9.7 14.1 12.6 11.7
Prior to obtaining data, denote the beam strengths by X_{1} ,...,X m and the cylinder strengths by Y_{1} ,...,Y n . Suppose that the X_{j} ^ dagger constitute a random sample from a distrib distribution with mean mu_{2} and standard deviation sigma_{2}
(a) Use rules of expected value to show that overline X - overline Y is an unbiased estimator of mu_{1} - mu_{2}
E( overline X - overline Y )=(E( overline X )-E( overline Y ))^ 2 = mu_{1} - mu_{2} .
E( overline X - overline Y )= E( overline X )-E( overline Y ) nm = mu_{1} - mu_{2}
E( overline X - overline Y )=E( overline X )-E( overline Y )= mu_{1} - mu_{2}
E( overline X - overline Y )= sqrt(E(X) - E(Y)) = mu_{1} - mu_{2}
E( overline X - overline Y )=mm(E( overline X )-E( overline Y ))= mu_{1} - mu_{2} .
Calculate the estimate for the given data. (Round your answer to three decimal places.)
MPa
(b) Use rules of variance to obtain an expression for the variance and standard deviation (standard error) of the estimator in part (a).
V( overline X - overline Y )=V( overline X ) - V ( overline Y ) = sigma_{x} ^ 2 + sigma_{Y} ^ 2
Answers
The standard error of the estimator is 0.478 MPa (rounded to three decimal places).
(a) The mean flexural strength for concrete beams is denoted as μ1. The mean strength of cylinders is denoted as μ2.
Suppose X1, . . ., Xm denote the strengths of concrete beams and Y1, . . ., Yn denote the strengths of cylinders.
(i) Using the expected value properties to show that $\overline{X}-\overline{Y}$ is an unbiased estimator of $μ_{1}-μ_{2}$.
It is well-known that the expected value of a linear combination of random variables is equal to the linear combination of their expected values.
Therefore,$E[\overline{X}-\overline{Y}]=E[\overline{X}]-E[\overline{Y}]=μ_{1}-μ_{2}$
(ii) Calculate the estimate for the given data: Using the formulas for the sample mean and standard deviation for concrete beams and cylinders,$\overline{X}=\frac{1}{m} ∑ X_{i} =7.81$MPa$\overline{Y}=\frac{1}{n} ∑ Y_{i}=8.37$MPa$μ_{1}-μ_{2}=7.81-8.37=-0.56$MPa
(b) Use rules of variance to obtain an expression for the variance and standard deviation (standard error) of the estimator in part (a).Using the formulas for the variance of the sample mean,$Var[\overline{X}]=\frac{\sigma_{X}^{2}}{m} =\frac{0.85^{2}}{26} =0.0282$MPa$Var[\overline{Y}]=\frac{\sigma_{Y}^{2}}{n}=\frac{2.00^{2}}{20} =0.200$MPa$Var[\overline{X}-\overline{Y}]=Var[\overline{X}]+Var[\overline{Y}]=0.0282+0.200=0.2282$MPa.
The standard deviation of the estimator is the square root of the variance:$SE(\overline{X}-\overline{Y})=\sqrt{Var(\overline{X}-\overline{Y})}=\sqrt{0.2282}=0.478$MPa.
Therefore, the standard error of the estimator is 0.478 MPa (rounded to three decimal places).
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Two 2.40cm X 2.40cm plates that form a parallel-plate capacitor are charged to +/- 0.708nC A. What is potential difference across the capacitor if the spacing between the plates is 1.30mm ? B. What is the electric field strength inside the capacitor if the spacing between the plates is 2.60mm? c. What is the potential difference across the capacitor if the spacing between the plates is 2.60mm?
Answers
The potential difference and the electric field strength of Two 2.40cm X 2.40cm plates that form a parallel-plate capacitor can be calculated by applying various formulae.
A. The potential difference across a capacitor can be calculated using the formula V = Q/C, where V is the potential difference, Q is the charge stored on the capacitor, and C is the capacitance. Given that the charge on the capacitor is +/- 0.708nC and the spacing between the plates is 1.30mm, we need to calculate the capacitance first. The capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor is given by the formula C = ε0 * A / d, where ε0 is the permittivity of free space, A is the area of the plates, and d is the spacing between the plates. By substituting the given values, we can calculate the capacitance. Once we have the capacitance, we can use the formula V = Q/C to find the potential difference across the capacitor.
B. The electric field strength inside a capacitor can be calculated using the formula E = V/d, where E is the electric field strength, V is the potential difference, and d is the spacing between the plates. Given that the spacing between the plates is 2.60mm, and we already calculated the potential difference in part A, we can substitute these values into the formula to find the electric field strength inside the capacitor.
C. To find the potential difference across the capacitor if the spacing between the plates is 2.60mm, we can use the formula V = Q/C, where Q is the charge stored on the capacitor and C is the capacitance. We can use the previously calculated capacitance and the given charge to find the potential difference across the capacitor.
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A manufacturer makes ball bearing that are supposed to have a mean weight of 30 g. A retailer suspects that the mean weight is actually less than 30g the mean weight for a random sample of 16 ball bearings is 28.6 g with a standard deviation of 4.4 g. At the 0.05 significance level these the claim that the sample comes from a population with a mean weight less than 30 g. Use the traditional method of testing hypothesis.
Answers
The p-value of 0.0349 is less than the level of significance α = 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis.
This means that there is enough evidence to support the claim that the sample comes from a population with a mean weight of less than 30 g.
In other words, the retailer's suspicion is correct.
The traditional method of testing hypotheses consists of four steps:
(1) specifying the null and alternative hypotheses,
(2) selecting a level of significance,
(3) computing the test statistic and the corresponding p-value, and
(4) making a decision and interpreting the results.
Here, we have the following problem:
A manufacturer makes a ball bearing that is supposed to have a mean weight of 30 g.
A retailer suspects that the mean weight is actually less than 30g.
The mean weight for a random sample of 16 ball bearings is 28.6 g with a standard deviation of 4.4 g.
At the 0.05 significance level, does the claim that the sample comes from a population with a mean weight of less than 30 g have enough evidence?
Step 1: Specifying the null and alternative hypotheses.
The null hypothesis is the claim being tested, which is that the sample comes from a population with a mean weight equal to 30 g.
The alternative hypothesis is the claim that the retailer is making, which is that the sample comes from a population with a mean weight of less than 30 g.
Thus, we have:
H0: μ = 30g, and
H1: μ < 30g.
Step 2: Selecting a level of significance.
We are given that the level of significance is
α = 0.05.
Step 3: Computing the test statistic and the corresponding p-value.
Since the sample size n = 16 is greater than 30, we can use the normal distribution to test the hypothesis.
The test statistic is given by:
z = (x - μ) / (σ / √n)
where x is the sample mean, μ is the population mean, σ is the population standard deviation (which is unknown), and n is the sample size.
Since σ is unknown, we can use the sample standard deviation s as an estimate for σ.
Thus, we have:
z = (28.6 - 30) / (4.4 / √16)
= -1.81818181818
The corresponding p-value is
P(z < -1.81818181818) = 0.0349 (using a z-table).
Step 4: Making a decision and interpreting the results.
Since the p-value of 0.0349 is less than the level of significance α = 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis.
This means that there is enough evidence to support the claim that the sample comes from a population with a mean weight of less than 30 g.
In other words, the retailer's suspicion is correct.
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be sure to answer all parts. the ph of a saturated solution of a metal hydroxide m(oh)2 is 10.850. calculate the ksp for this compound. enter your answer in scientific notation.
Answers
To calculate the Ksp (solubility product constant) for the metal hydroxide M(OH)2 based on the given pH of the saturated solution (pH = 10.850), we need to consider the dissociation of the compound in water.
The pH of a saturated solution indicates the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in the solution. In this case, the concentration of OH- ions can be calculated using the formula OH- concentration = 10^-(pH).
Since M(OH)2 dissociates into M^2+ cations and 2OH- ions, the equilibrium expression for the solubility product is given by Ksp = [M^2+][OH-]^2.
Given that the concentration of OH- ions is 10^-(pH), we can substitute this value into the equilibrium expression and obtain Ksp = M^2+^2.
To determine the Ksp value, we would need information about the concentration of the M^2+ cations. Unfortunately, the provided information is insufficient to calculate the exact value of Ksp without knowing the concentration of M^2+. Therefore, we cannot provide a specific numerical value for Ksp in this case.
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In a certain college, 55% of the students are women. Suppose we take a sample of two students. Use a probability tree to find the probability
(a) thatbothchosenstudentsarewomen.
(b) thatatleastoneofthetwostudentsisawoman.
Answers
1] (a) The probability that both chosen students are women is 0.3025 or 30.25%.
To find the probability, we can use a probability tree. Let's represent the first student as A and the second student as B.
(a) To find the probability that both chosen students are women, we start with the probability of selecting a woman as the first student, which is 55%. This probability is represented by P(A=W) = 0.55. Then, for the second student, given that the first student is a woman, the probability of selecting another woman is 54% (since there is one less woman in the remaining sample). This probability is represented by P(B=W|A=W) = 0.54.
To find the probability of both events occurring, we multiply the probabilities:
P(A=W and B=W) = P(A=W) * P(B=W|A=W) = 0.55 * 0.54 = 0.297.
Therefore, the probability that both chosen students are women is 0.297 or 29.7%.
(b) To find the probability that at least one of the two students is a woman, we can calculate the complement of the probability that both students are men.
The probability that both students are men is found by multiplying the probabilities of selecting a man for each student:
P(A=M and B=M) = P(A=M) * P(B=M|A=M) = 0.45 * 0.46 = 0.207.
Then, the probability that at least one of the two students is a woman is the complement of this probability:
P(at least one woman) = 1 - P(both men) = 1 - 0.207 = 0.793.
Therefore, the probability that at least one of the two students is a woman is 0.793 or 79.3%.
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If the estimate of 0 is negative:
A) there is a negative relationship between X and Y.
B) an increase in X corresponds to a decrease in Y.
C) one must reject the hypothesis that there is a positi
Answers
The correct answer is Option (B) an increase in X corresponds to a decrease in Y .
An increase in X is accompanied by a decrease in Y if the estimate of 0 is negative. The nature and strength of the relationship between two random variables is described by the coefficient of correlation in statistics. The Pearson coefficient of correlation ranges between -1 and +1, with positive values indicating a positive correlation, and negative values indicating a negative correlation. If the coefficient is zero, it shows no correlation between the variables.
When there is a negative correlation, one variable goes up while the other goes down. In the given question, if the estimate of 0 is negative, an increase in X corresponds to a decrease in Y. It means that the two variables are negatively correlated. At the point when X expands, Y diminishes, as well as the other way around.
Option (B) is the correct answer. The hypothesis that there is a positive correlation between the variables must be rejected since the estimate of the coefficient of correlation is negative.
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In a large population of adults, the mean IQ is 116 with a standard deviation of 18. Suppose 40 adults are randomly selected for a market research campaign. (Round all answers to 4 decimal places, if needed.)
(a) The distribution of IQ is approximately normal is exactly normal may or may not be normal is certainly skewed.
(b) The distribution of the sample mean IQ is approximately normal exactly normal not normal left-skewed right-skewed with a mean of ? and a standard deviation of ?.
(c) The probability that the sample mean IQ is less than 112 is .
(d) The probability that the sample mean IQ is greater than 112 is .
(e) The probability that the sample mean IQ is between 112 and 122 is .
Answers
(a) The distribution of IQ is approximately normal.
(b) The distribution of the sample mean IQ is approximately normal with a mean of 116 and a standard deviation of 2.8460.
(c) The probability that the sample mean IQ is less than 112 is 0.0072.
(d) The probability that the sample mean IQ is greater than 112 is 0.9928.
(e) The probability that the sample mean IQ is between 112 and 122 is 0.9372.
In order to solve the given problem, we can use the Central Limit Theorem. The Central Limit Theorem states that the distribution of the sample mean of a large sample taken from any population will be approximately normal with a mean equal to the population mean and a standard deviation equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size.Using this theorem, we can find the answers to each of the given questions:Step 1: Mean and standard deviation of the sample meanThe mean of the sample mean is equal to the population mean, which is 116. The standard deviation of the sample mean is equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size:$$\text{standard deviation of sample mean} = \frac{\text{population standard deviation}}{\sqrt{\text{sample size}}} = \frac{18}{\sqrt{40}} = 2.8460$$Therefore, the distribution of the sample mean IQ is approximately normal with a mean of 116 and a standard deviation of 2.8460.Step 2: Probability that sample mean is less than 112To find the probability that the sample mean IQ is less than 112, we standardize the sample mean using the formula:$$z = \frac{\bar{x} - \mu}{\sigma/\sqrt{n}} = \frac{112 - 116}{18/\sqrt{40}} = -2.8284$$Using a standard normal table or a calculator, we find that the probability of a standard normal variable being less than -2.8284 is 0.0024. Therefore, the probability that the sample mean IQ is less than 112 is 0.0072.Step 3: Probability that sample mean is greater than 112To find the probability that the sample mean IQ is greater than 112, we use the formula:$$z = \frac{\bar{x} - \mu}{\sigma/\sqrt{n}} = \frac{112 - 116}{18/\sqrt{40}} = -2.8284$$Using the fact that the standard normal distribution is symmetric about 0, we know that the probability of a standard normal variable being greater than -2.8284 is the same as the probability of a standard normal variable being less than 2.8284. Using a standard normal table or a calculator, we find that this probability is 0.9928. Therefore, the probability that the sample mean IQ is greater than 112 is 0.9928.Step 4: Probability that sample mean is between 112 and 122To find the probability that the sample mean IQ is between 112 and 122, we use the formula:$$z_1 = \frac{\bar{x}_1 - \mu}{\sigma/\sqrt{n}} = \frac{112 - 116}{18/\sqrt{40}} = -2.8284$$$$z_2 = \frac{\bar{x}_2 - \mu}{\sigma/\sqrt{n}} = \frac{122 - 116}{18/\sqrt{40}} = 2.8284$$Using a standard normal table or a calculator, we find that the probability of a standard normal variable being between -2.8284 and 2.8284 is 0.9372. Therefore, the probability that the sample mean IQ is between 112 and 122 is 0.9372.
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Using a Z-table, we can find that the probability of a Z-score between -2.2299 and 2.2299 is approximately 0.8980.
(a) The distribution of IQ is approximately normal
(b) The distribution of the sample mean IQ is approximately normal with a mean of 116 and a standard deviation of 2.8468.
(c) The probability that the sample mean IQ is less than 112 is 0.0067.
(d) The probability that the sample mean IQ is greater than 112 is 0.9933.
(e) The probability that the sample mean IQ is between 112 and 122 is 0.8980.
(a) The distribution of IQ is approximately normal .
In a large population of adults, the mean IQ is 116 with a standard deviation of 18. Since the population is large, the distribution of IQ can be assumed to be approximately normal.
(b) The distribution of the sample mean IQ is approximately normal.
The distribution of the sample mean IQ is also approximately normal, with a mean equal to the population mean (116) and a standard deviation equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size:18/√40 ≈ 2.8468.
(c) The probability that the sample mean IQ is less than 112 is Using the Z-score formula,
we get : z = (sample mean - population mean) / (population standard deviation / √sample size)
= (112 - 116) / (18 / √40)
≈ -2.2299Using a Z-table, we can find that the probability of a Z-score less than -2.2299 is
approximately 0.0067.
(d) The probability that the sample mean IQ is greater than 112 is This is the complement of the probability calculated in part
(c), so:P(Z > -2.2299)
≈ 0.9933.
(e) The probability that the sample mean IQ is between 112 and 122 is Using the Z-score formula, we get:z1 = (112 - 116) / (18 / √40)
≈ -2.2299z2
= (122 - 116) / (18 / √40)
≈ 2.2299
Using a Z-table, we can find that the probability of a Z-score between -2.2299 and 2.2299 is approximately 0.8980.
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the time (in minutes) between arrivals of customers to a post office is to be modelled by the exponential distribution with mean 0.75 0.75 . please give your answers to two decimal places.
Answers
The probability that the time between two arrivals is less than or equal to 1 minute is 0.42.
The time (in minutes) between arrivals of customers to a post office is to be modelled by the exponential distribution with mean 0.75.We are to calculate the probability that the time between two arrivals is less than or equal to 1 minute.We know that, for an exponential distribution, the probability density function is given by:f(x) = 1/μ e^(-x/μ)where μ is the mean of the distribution.In this case, μ = 0.75. Therefore, the probability density function is:f(x) = 1/0.75 e^(-x/0.75)To calculate the probability that the time between two arrivals is less than or equal to 1 minute, we need to integrate this probability density function from 0 to 1:f(x) = ∫0^1 1/0.75 e^(-x/0.75) dxf(x) = [-e^(-x/0.75)]0^1f(x) = -e^(-1/0.75) + e^(0)f(x) = 0.424Approximating this probability to two decimal places, we get:P(X ≤ 1) = 0.42 (rounded off to two decimal places).Therefore, the probability that the time between two arrivals is less than or equal to 1 minute is 0.42.
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Explain the purpose of the hypothesis testing framework? How to interpret significance testing?
Answers
The interpretation of significance testing involves comparing the p-value to the significance level. If the p-value is less than the significance level, then the results are statistically significant, meaning that it is unlikely that the observed results occurred by chance alone. On the other hand, if the p-value is greater than the significance level, then the results are not statistically significant, meaning that the observed results could have occurred by chance alone.
The purpose of the hypothesis testing framework is to make inferences about the population using sample data. The hypothesis testing framework involves making a claim or statement about the population (called the null hypothesis), collecting data from a sample, and testing the claim using statistical methods. If the data strongly contradicts the null hypothesis, then it can be rejected in favor of an alternative hypothesis.
The significance level, also known as the alpha level, is a predetermined threshold used to determine if the null hypothesis should be rejected. If the p-value, which represents the probability of observing the sample data or more extreme data under the null hypothesis, is less than the significance level, then the null hypothesis is rejected.
The interpretation of significance testing involves comparing the p-value to the significance level. If the p-value is less than the significance level, then the results are statistically significant, meaning that it is unlikely that the observed results occurred by chance alone. On the other hand, if the p-value is greater than the significance level, then the results are not statistically significant, meaning that the observed results could have occurred by chance alone.
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The hypothesis testing framework is used to determine whether a given hypothesis is statistically significant or not. This is an essential tool for researchers and scientists in various fields, including statistics, economics, psychology, and medicine.
The purpose of the hypothesis testing framework is to assess whether a particular hypothesis is supported by the available evidence. This is done by comparing the observed data to what would be expected if the null hypothesis were true. If the observed data is significantly different from what would be expected under the null hypothesis, then the null hypothesis is rejected. In other words, the hypothesis testing framework is used to determine whether a particular result is due to chance or whether it is statistically significant.Interpretation of significance testing:Interpreting significance testing involves looking at the level of significance (p-value) and determining whether it is significant or not. A p-value is the probability that the observed result could have occurred by chance. If the p-value is less than or equal to 0.05, then the result is considered significant. If the p-value is greater than 0.05, then the result is not significant. This means that there is not enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.In summary, the hypothesis testing framework is used to assess the statistical significance of a particular hypothesis, while interpreting significance testing involves looking at the p-value and determining whether the result is significant or not.
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Trading skills of institutional investors. Managers of stock portfolios make decisions as to what stocks to buy and sell in a given quarter. The trading skills of these institutional investors were quantified and analyzed in The Journal of Finance (April 2011). The study focused on "round-trip" trades, i.e., trades in which the same stock was both bought and sold in the same quarter. Consider a random sample of 200 round trips made by institutional investors. Suppose the sample mean rate of return is 2.95% and the sample standard deviation is 8.82%. If the true mean rate of return of round-trips is positive, then the population of institutional investors is considered to have preformed successfully.
a) Specify the null and alternative hypotheses for determining whether the population of institutional investors preformed successfully.
b) Find the rejection region for the test using alpha=0.05.
c) Interpret the value of alpha in the words of the problem.
d) Give the appropriate conclusion in the words of the problem.
Answers
a) Null Hypothesis: The true mean rate of return of round-trips is not positive. Alternative Hypothesis: The true mean rate of return of roundtrips is positive.
b) Rejection region is defined as the left tail. For this, the critical value is obtained using α as 0.05 and degrees of freedom as 199. The T-Score can be obtained as -1.64485363 using the T-Distribution Calculator, or Table.
c) The value of α is the level of significance used in the hypothesis test. Here, the level of significance is set to 0.05.
d) The null hypothesis will be rejected if the test statistic is less than -1.64485363. If the null hypothesis is rejected, it can be concluded that the population of institutional investors performed successfully. If the null hypothesis is not rejected, it can be concluded that the population of institutional investors did not perform successfully.
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An SRS of 25 recent birth records at the local hospital was selected. In the sample, the average birth weight was x-119.6 ounces. Suppose the standard deviation is known to be a-6.5 ounces. Assume that in the population of all babies born in this bospital, the birth weights follow a Normal distribution, with mean. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean is a. 6.52 ounces b.0.02 ounces c. 1.30 ounces. d.0.38 ounces QUESTION 9 The least-squares regression line is: a the line that passes through the most data points. b. the line that makes the sum of the squares of the vertical distances of the data points from the line (the sum of squared residuals) as small as possible. e the line such that half of the data points fall above the line and half fall below the line. d. All of the answer options are correct.
Answers
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean can be calculated using the formula: standard deviation of the sampling distribution = (standard deviation of the population) / √(sample size)
In this case, the standard deviation of the population is given as 6.5 ounces and the sample size is 25. Plugging these values into the formula:
Standard deviation of the sampling distribution = 6.5 / √(25)
= 6.5 / 5
= 1.3 ounces
For the second question:
The least-squares regression line is the line that makes the sum of the squares of the vertical distances of the data points from the line (the sum of squared residuals) as small as possible. This line is also known as the best-fit line as it minimizes the overall distance between the line and the data points.
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