Unusually shaped viruses such as lemon-shaped and spindle-shaped have recently been discovered in a variety of environments. The presence of these viruses in the environment has a significant impact on the understanding of the biology of viruses and their effects on the environment and the organisms living in it. Let's discuss some examples of where these viruses have been discovered in more detail.
Lemon-shaped viruses have been identified in the gut of a cricket. These viruses have a unique structure, with a head and a tail-like structure that allows them to infect cells. They are classified as a type of bacteriophage, which means they infect bacteria. Bacteriophages have been found to be abundant in the environment and play an essential role in the control of bacterial populations.
Spindle-shaped viruses have been identified in hot springs in Japan. These viruses are also classified as bacteriophages and have a unique structure with a long, spindle-shaped head and a tail-like structure. Their discovery in hot springs is particularly interesting because it suggests that these viruses may play an essential role in the ecology of these extreme environments.
In conclusion, lemon-shaped and spindle-shaped viruses have been discovered in various environments, from the gut of crickets to hot springs. These viruses have unique structures that allow them to infect cells, and they play a significant role in the ecology of their environments. The discovery of these viruses has expanded our understanding of the biology of viruses and their impact on the environment.
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A garden contains 40 flowers, 30 of which are red. What is the frequency of red flowers?
Answer:
0.75
Explanation:
a frequency of 1.0 occurs when all the flowers are red
A garden that contains 40 flowers, 30 of which are red. Then, the frequency of red flowers is 75% of 1:3.
What is Frequency?Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as the temporal frequency for clarity, and is distinct from angular frequency. Frequency is usually measured in hertz (Hz) which is equal to one event per second.
Gene frequency is the fraction or percentage of a population which carries a particular allele at a particular gene locus. In this case, a garden has 40 flowers, in which 30 are red.
Therefore, the frequency of red flowers = Number of red flowers/ Total number of flowers
The frequency of red flowers = 30/ 40 = 75% or 1/3
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How might we determine if the trait of albinism is dominant or recessive?
Answer:
inheritance. Oculocutaneous albinism is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of a gene in each cell have mutations.
Explanation:
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Which biome has no trees and is frozen year round?
A tundra
B taiga
C desert
D grassland
Answer:
tundra
Explanation:
tree growth is hindered specifically by low temperatures
Plants living in regions where water supplies in the soil are low develop various adaptations to aid in their survival. Suggest FOUR of these adaptations.
Plants living in regions with limited water availability have evolved various adaptations to cope with the challenging conditions.
Four common adaptations seen in such plants:
1)Succulence: Many plants in arid regions have evolved succulent structures to store water.
These plants typically have fleshy leaves, stems, or roots that can store significant amounts of water during periods of rainfall.
The stored water can then be utilized during times of drought, allowing the plant to survive extended periods without rainfall.
2)Reduced leaves or spines: To minimize water loss through transpiration, plants in arid environments often have reduced leaves or modified leaf structures.
For example, some plants have small, needle-like leaves or spines that help reduce the surface area exposed to the hot and dry air, thereby reducing water loss.
3)Deep root systems: Plants adapted to arid conditions often possess deep root systems that enable them to access water from deeper soil layers.
These extensive root systems can tap into groundwater sources or reach areas with higher moisture content, allowing the plant to survive when surface water is scarce.
4)CAM photosynthesis: Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a specialized form of photosynthesis that many arid-adapted plants employ.
CAM plants open their stomata and take in carbon dioxide during the night when temperatures are cooler and water loss through transpiration is reduced.
They store the carbon dioxide as an organic acid and utilize it during the day for photosynthesis when the stomata remain closed to conserve water.
These adaptations enable plants to conserve and efficiently utilize water, enhancing their chances of survival in regions with low water supplies.
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the two traditional modes of genetic engineering may result in alterations of:
The two traditional modes of genetic engineering may result in alterations of the genetic information.
Traditional modes that result in genetic transformation:
Transgenic or Gene Addition: In this mode, a gene from one organism is introduced into the genome of another organism. This process can result in alterations of several aspects, including:
Phenotypic Traits: The introduced gene can express a new protein or modify the expression of existing proteins, leading to changes in the phenotypic traits of the organism. For example, the introduction of a gene for insect resistance into a crop plant can alter its resistance to pests.Metabolic Pathways: The introduced gene can encode enzymes that participate in metabolic pathways, affecting the production or breakdown of specific compounds within the organism. This can lead to alterations in the metabolic profile of the organism.Developmental Processes: If the introduced gene is involved in developmental processes, such as regulating the timing or pattern of growth, it can result in modifications in the organism's development and morphology.Gene Editing: In this mode, specific changes are made to the organism's own DNA sequence. The alterations that can occur through gene editing include:
Gene Knockout: By using techniques like CRISPR-Cas9, specific genes can be targeted and disrupted or deleted. This can result in the loss or reduction of function of the targeted gene, which may lead to phenotypic changes.Gene Insertion or Modification: Gene editing techniques can also be used to insert new genetic material or modify existing genes within the organism's genome. This can lead to alterations in protein expression or the functioning of specific genes, impacting various biological processes.The alterations resulting from traditional modes of genetic engineering are aimed at introducing desired traits or modifying specific characteristics of an organism for various purposes, such as improving crop yields, enhancing disease resistance, or producing valuable proteins. It's important to note that the effects of genetic engineering can vary depending on the specific genes and organisms involved and the intended modifications.
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Changing an RNA sequence following transcription by removing segments is done by O the spliceosome O RNA editing O translation O capping O polyadenylation
The spliceosome is a complex molecular machinery responsible for the removal of introns, non-coding segments, from pre-mRNA during the process of RNA splicing. Here option A is the correct answer.
After transcription, pre-mRNA molecules contain both coding regions called exons and non-coding regions called introns. The spliceosome recognizes specific sequences at the boundaries between exons and introns, called splice sites, and precisely removes the introns from the pre-mRNA.
The spliceosome is composed of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and other associated proteins. These snRNPs, including U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 snRNPs, recognize the splice sites and form a complex with the pre-mRNA. The spliceosome then catalyzes two transesterification reactions to remove the intron and join the exons together, forming a mature mRNA molecule.
Alternative splicing is another important aspect of RNA processing controlled by the spliceosome. It allows the generation of multiple protein isoforms from a single gene by selectively including or excluding certain exons. This process greatly enhances the diversity of the proteome.
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Complete question:
Which process is responsible for changing an RNA sequence following transcription by removing segments?
A) The spliceosome
B) RNA editing
C) Translation
D) Capping
E) Polyadenylation
What do Astronauts need to take on the moon so that plants could grow in a lunar plant growth chamber
Explanation:
What is the name of this website or the book?
Astronauts need to take water to take on the moon so that the plants could grow in a lunar plant growth chamber.
What affects lunar plant growth chamber?Plants can be grown in the lunar regolith. Plants grown on the moon were not as robust as the plants which are grown in soil of the Earth, or even as those in the control group grown in a lunar simulant made from the volcanic ash, however they did indeed grow well.
Real lunar and the Martian regolith seem to contain all the essential ingredients which are required for the growth of plant. However, there is a very small amount of reactive nitrogen and growing food materials in it that requires a large amount of water. Regolith can only store up to thirty percent of the water which organic soil of the Earth can store.
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Which statement is NOT correct?
Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer.
miRNA is an endogenous gene editing system found in prokaryotes.
b
siRNA is noted for perfectly binding to mRNA.
C As originally discovered, CRISPR acts as a foreign DNA interference system.
d Misfolded proteins can be targeted for destruction if they are polyubiquitinated.
The claim that prokaryotes have an inherent gene editing mechanism called miRNA is untrue. Here option A is the correct answer.
miRNA (microRNA) is not an endogenous gene editing system found in prokaryotes. miRNAs are small, non-coding RNA molecules that play a role in post-transcriptional gene regulation in eukaryotic organisms. They are involved in the regulation of gene expression by binding to messenger RNA (mRNA) and inhibiting its translation or promoting its degradation.
On the other hand, prokaryotes do possess their own gene editing systems, such as CRISPR-Cas systems, which are adaptive immune systems that provide defense against foreign genetic elements like viruses. CRISPR-Cas systems were originally discovered as a foreign DNA interference system in prokaryotes.
siRNA (small interfering RNA), mentioned in option b, is indeed noted for perfectly binding to mRNA, leading to its degradation and subsequent inhibition of gene expression.
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Complete question:
Which statement is NOT correct?
a) miRNA is an endogenous gene editing system found in prokaryotes.
b) siRNA is noted for perfectly binding to mRNA.
c) As originally discovered, CRISPR acts as a foreign DNA interference system.
d) Misfolded proteins can be targeted for destruction if they are polyubiquitinated.
4 sentences saying the benefit of online delivery
What are the benefits of online delivery? Well online delivery can actually save you time and money. First of all since we are in a pandemic, its safer too get your packages to ship to your house or apartment. If you are working long shifts it saves you time then going out to purchase them. You can also choose when you want it to be delivered.
lol have a nice day
Answer:
Ordering online can often be more efficient than going out to a store to pick up and buy items. Its very easy to use as the ordering process is easier and you don't need to worry about it being out of stock and having to drive to different stores. You can do it in the comfort of your own home, so you don't have to drive around and wait in long lines to get the items you want or need. Online shopping can often be cheaper than instore prices, making it a better option for saving if your looking for that.
Explanation:
11. Look at the Hawaiian islands inset. What is the distance between oldest and youngest Hawaiian island?
12. How many years has it taken for the Hawaiian islands to form?
13. What was the average rate of plate movement of the Pacific plate during the time when the Hawaiian island chain form ( in in/YR )? Note measure a straight line between Hawaii and Kawai do not measure between each individual island. (1mi=5280 ft and 1ft = 12 in) show work.
14. Using the rate you calculated in questions 10 and 13, write a brief statement that compares the average rate of movement of the Pacific plate today with what it was in the past.
15. What direction was the plate moving 50 million years ago?
16. What direction is the Pacific plate moving today?
11. The distance between the oldest and youngest Hawaiian island is approximately 3,500 kilometers (2,175 miles).
12. It has taken millions of years for the Hawaiian islands to form, with estimates ranging from 70 to 80 million years.
13. The average rate of plate movement of the Pacific plate during the formation of the Hawaiian island chain is approximately 6 centimeters per year (2.36 inches per year).
14. The average rate of movement of the Pacific plate today is similar to the rate during the formation of the Hawaiian island chain, which is around 6 centimeters per year (2.36 inches per year).
15. 50 million years ago, the Pacific plate was moving in a northwestern direction.
16. Today, the Pacific plate is moving in a northwestern direction.
Explanation to the above given short answers are written below,
11. The distance between the oldest and youngest Hawaiian island is approximately 3,500 kilometers (2,175 miles). This can be observed by looking at the Hawaiian islands inset on a map or by measuring the distance between the two points.
12. It has taken millions of years for the Hawaiian islands to form. Geologists estimate that the volcanic activity that created the islands began around 70 to 80 million years ago.
Over time, the volcanic eruptions built up the islands, and through a process called plate tectonics, the movement of the Pacific plate carried the islands to their current positions.
13. To calculate the average rate of plate movement during the formation of the Hawaiian island chain, we need to convert the given measurements to the same units.
Given that 1 mile is equal to 5,280 feet and 1 foot is equal to 12 inches, we can convert the rate from inches per year to centimeters per year. Therefore, 2.36 inches per year is approximately 6 centimeters per year.
14. The average rate of movement of the Pacific plate today is similar to the rate during the formation of the Hawaiian island chain, which is around 6 centimeters per year.
This suggests that the plate movement has remained relatively constant over millions of years. It indicates a steady process of volcanic activity and the creation of new land in the form of volcanic islands.
15. Approximately 50 million years ago, the Pacific plate was moving in a northwestern direction. This movement contributed to the formation and growth of the Hawaiian island chain as the volcanic hotspot beneath the plate produced a series of volcanoes that eventually formed the islands.
16. Today, the Pacific plate is still moving in a northwestern direction. The motion of tectonic plates is driven by convection currents in Earth's mantle.
The northwestern movement of the Pacific plate continues to shape the geological features of the Pacific Ocean, including the Hawaiian islands, and influences seismic activity and the formation of new land.
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experiment 1: what was the final color of the diffusion bag?
Experiment 1 was an experiment to observe the effects of osmosis on a plant cell. In this experiment, the diffusion bag, made of a semi-permeable membrane, was filled with starch and glucose solutions.
Experiment 1 was an experiment to observe the effects of osmosis on a plant cell. In this experiment, the diffusion bag, made of a semi-permeable membrane, was filled with starch and glucose solutions. The experiment was conducted in two parts. In the first part, the bag was placed in distilled water, and in the second part, it was placed in a sucrose solution. The purpose of the experiment was to determine whether water moves from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration or vice versa. This movement of water is known as osmosis.The final color of the diffusion bag in experiment 1 was black. The starch and glucose solutions were both clear and colorless, but when they mixed, they formed a black substance. This was because the glucose reacted with the iodine solution, which was added to the bag as an indicator. Iodine turns blue-black in the presence of starch. Since the starch and glucose solutions mixed inside the diffusion bag, the iodine solution reacted with the starch and turned black. The diffusion of the substances through the semi-permeable membrane was evident in the color change of the contents of the bag.
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TRUE/FALSE. the decapitated plant shoot would have grown straight up with no bending after the block was placed squarely on top of the cut plant shoot surface.
The statement, "the decapitated plant shoot would have grown straight up with no bending after the block was placed squarely on top of the cut plant shoot surface" is False.
Decapitation refers to the complete removal of an organism's head. The decapitated organism will die immediately if the brain is removed or damaged. It's a major issue in the plant world. When a plant is decapitated, it exhibits certain behaviors. Plants react to decapitation in a variety of ways. When a plant is decapitated, it will usually generate a wound response, which will begin with a surge of auxin hormone signaling from the site of the wound.
After decapitation, the plant's stem, which is severed from the rest of the plant's tissues, undergoes considerable alterations. Some plants might increase the growth of branches, whereas others might generate new shoots. Instead of growing straight up, the decapitated plant shoot would have bent. The study demonstrates that the removal of the plant's primary shoot apical meristem caused a surge in growth hormones in the nearby side buds. These side buds grew into new branches, resulting in a bushier plant. A block placed squarely on top of a cut plant shoot surface has no effect on the growth direction of the plant.
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What are some ways that natural selection equips organisms for survival in their environment?
Answer:
Well organisms who have traits that are beneficial to them and would make them live long enough to usually reproduce, it would become an adaptive trait. That organism who has that trait will most likely live the longest and reproducing which will pass down their traits. Other same type of organisms who don’t have that trait will most likely die quicker then those who do and they won’t be able to pass on their genes which will lead to the natrual selection being very few of those types. If your born with a non useful trait, you jsut pass it down, you can’t just have the ones that benefit you unless yoru parents have it. This is why at the ”end” there will be more with useful traits and barley any with non.
Explain the mistake you see in image 1
Cytoplasm should be present inside the cell.
Complete the following sentence.
_______ disease is a common type of dementia that causes problems with short-term memory and daily living.
Answer:
Alzheimer's
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virus-infected cells produce ________, proteins that help neighboring cells fight further viral infections. group of answer choices histamines interferons lysozymes interleukin 2
Virus-infected cells produce interferons, proteins that help neighboring cells fight further viral infections.
What are interferons?
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and tumor cells. The primary role of interferons is to signal and activate immune cells such as natural killer cells, macrophages, and T-cells to defend the body against pathogens. They also have antiviral, antibacterial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory properties that prevent virus replication and help clear the infection.
Interferons are classified into three categories based on their structure, mode of action, and the cells that produce them:
Type I interferons: They are produced by almost all cells in the body, including fibroblasts, leukocytes, and epithelial cells. They include IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-ε, IFN-κ, and IFN-ω.
Type II interferons: They are mainly produced by T-cells and natural killer cells. They include IFN-γ.
Type III interferons: They are produced by epithelial cells and leukocytes. They include IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2, and IFN-λ3.
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What are three of the products whales are hunted for by the whalers and their substitute products?
carolus linnaeus used the plant and animal kingdoms to classify organisms in the 1700s. what was the most likely reason for only having a 2 kingdom system at that time.
The most likely reason for Carolus Linnaeus having a two-kingdom system for classifying organisms in the 1700s was due to limited knowledge and understanding of the diversity of life on Earth at that time. Linnaeus developed his classification system based on observable physical characteristics of organisms, primarily focusing on plants and animals. The understanding of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, was limited during Linnaeus' time, and their classification into separate kingdoms was not yet established.
Additionally, Linnaeus based his classification system on the concept of a hierarchical organization, where organisms were grouped into broader categories based on similarities and differences in their characteristics. The two-kingdom system of plants and animals provided a simplified framework for organizing and categorizing the known organisms.
As scientific knowledge advanced and more discoveries were made, the limitations of the two-kingdom system became apparent. The development of microscopy and the discovery of microorganisms led to the recognition of a separate kingdom for bacteria and later the inclusion of fungi as a separate kingdom. Over time, the classification system evolved and expanded to accommodate the growing understanding of the diversity of life forms, eventually leading to the development of the modern classification systems with multiple kingdoms and domains.
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Which of the following is true about bacteria?
A) They have an open digestive system
B) They belong to the domain Eukarya
C) They lack a nucleus and other organelles
D) They are not living things
i would say the answer is
A) They have an open digestive system
Seasonal changes occur when the Earth moves so that the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere are tilted more toward or away from the Sun. If the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun and it is summer, what is happening in the Southern Hemisphere?
A. The Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun, and it is summer.
B. The Southern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, and it is summer.
C. The Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun, and it is winter.
D. The Southern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, and it is winter.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
the southern hemisphere is always doing the opposite of the northern hemisphere
Name two types of a sexual
reproduction which occur in animals
giving one example in each case
Answer:
Meiosis and Fertilization
sexual and asexual reproduction
for a person deprived of water, the satisfaction that follows drinking a thirst-quenching beverage best illustrates
For a person deprived of water, the satisfaction that follows drinking a thirst-quenching beverage best illustrates the concept of homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism, and the desire to drink water is a response to an imbalance or disturbance in homeostasis caused by dehydration. The deprivation of water is often associated with thirst. Dehydration causes the body to crave water, and drinking a thirst-quenching beverage brings relief and satisfaction to the body. This response is due to the body's natural tendency to maintain a balance of water and electrolytes, which is essential for proper bodily functions such as regulating body temperature, blood pressure, and metabolism.
Drinking a beverage to satisfy thirst also activates the reward and pleasure centers in the brain, leading to a subjective feeling of satisfaction and relief. This response is mediated by various physiological and psychological factors, including the release of neurotransmitters and the perception of quenching one's thirst.
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1.
How many chromosomes are in each human cell?
Answer:
46
Explanation:
You are trying to collect an overdue payment of R163,00 on a shipment of milk powder to the Dominican Republic. A senior government official ask for R20, 000 as a collection service fee. Should you pay? Is illegal or legal?
As a business owner, it can be challenging to collect overdue payments from clients and customers. The situation becomes more complicated when a senior government official demands a service fee to collect the money owed.
From a legal perspective, it is illegal for a government official to demand payment for providing a service. It is important to remember that it is the government official's job to perform the duties of their position, which includes enforcing regulations and laws. Therefore, it is illegal to demand additional compensation for carrying out official duties.
Additionally, paying a collection service fee to a government official can be considered a bribe, which is also illegal. If the payment is made, it may result in negative consequences, such as legal charges or damage to the reputation of the business.
In conclusion, the business owner should not pay the collection service fee of R20, 000. It is illegal, and it could result in negative consequences for the business. Instead, the business owner should seek legal advice on how to proceed with collecting the overdue payment.
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What is the benefit of writing a net ionic equation instead of a formula equation?
A) The net ionic equation shows the spectator ions in the reaction.
B) The net ionic equation shows a balance of atomic mass of each molecule.
C) The net ionic equation shows only the substances that change in the reaction.
D) The net ionic equation shows only the product that is soluble.
The benefit of writing a net ionic equation instead of a formula equation is that the net ionic equation shows only the substances that change in the reaction (Option C).
A formula equation is a representation of the chemical reactions that occur in a substance in the form of symbols and formulae for each substance. It provides information about the reactants, products, and other chemical species involved in the reaction, as well as the balanced chemical equation for the response. A net ionic equation is a chemical equation that shows only the soluble, vital electrolytes that are changed in a chemical reaction, omitting spectator ions. The ions that appear in both the reactant and product side, that do not change in the response, are known as spectator ions. Hence, the benefit of writing a net ionic equation instead of a formula equation is that the net ionic equation helps to focus on the essence of the chemical reaction by removing spectator ions, which do not play any part in the response and may sometimes obscure the underlying chemical process.
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Please help and thank you whoever you are
Answer: Should be 3
What is the scientific name for recycled yard waste?
Answer:
compost
Explanation:
what is the word for a sequence of steps used to define and solve a problem
Answer:
Algorithm
Explanation:
Algorithm is the process that requires steps. Say for instance you are walking to school, and you don't want to step on a crack. You simply will step over one, and keep on going till you reach school. That's an algorithm.
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explain why the blood of an insect does not contain respiratory pigments
Answer:
Explanation: Respiratory pigments like haemoglobin, haemocyani, are needed for transport of respiratory gasses. In insects there is no such pigment in blood, because oxygen is directly delivered to cells by trachea!
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All of the following statements about the "blender experiment" is true except
A. The experiment preceded Watsons and Crick's elucidation of DNA structure.
B. Hershey and Chase used radioactive sulfur to follow the protein in their experiment.
C. Hershey and Chase used radioactive phosphorus to follow the nucleotides in their experiment.
D. It was discovered by them that while different strains of bacteria have different percentages of nitrogen bases, the percent of adenine and the percent of thymine are equal as are the percentages of guanine and cytosine.
E. Hershey and Chase experiment lent strong credence to the idea that DNA is the hereditary material, at least of viruses.
The statement that is not true about the blender experiment is it was discovered by them that while different strains of bacteria have different percentages of nitrogen bases, the percent of adenine and the percent of thymine are equal as are the percentages of guanine and cytosine, option D is correct.
It was not discovered by Hershey and Chase in their experiment that the percentages of adenine and thymine are equal, as well as the percentages of guanine and cytosine. This discovery was actually made by Erwin Chargaff, who observed the base composition of DNA from various species and found that the amount of adenine is roughly equal to thymine, and the amount of guanine is roughly equal to cytosine.
Hershey and Chase's experiment, on the other hand, provided strong evidence for DNA being the hereditary material, specifically for viruses. They used radioactive phosphorus to label the DNA and radioactive sulfur to label the protein, showing that viral DNA, not protein, enters host cells during infection, option D is correct.
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