what hazard is most common from exposure to non-ionizing radiation?

To determine the pH and [OH-] of a sodium phosphate solution, several steps need to be followed. The balanced equation for the reaction between sodium phosphate and water should be written, and the equilibrium constant (K) for the hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO_{4} ^{-2}) should be obtained. Using an I.C.E. table, the [OH-] can be calculated. From there, the hydronium ion concentration ([[tex]H_{3}O^{+}[/tex]]) can be determined, leading to the calculation of the pH.

The balanced equation for the reaction between sodium phosphate (Na_{3}PO_{4}) and water ([tex]H_{2}O[/tex]) can be written as follows:

[tex]Na_{3}PO_{4}[/tex] + H_{2}O ⇌ 3Na+ + [tex]PO_{4} ^{-3}[/tex] + H_{2}O

To determine the equilibrium constant (K) for the hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO_{4} ^{-2}), the K of the dihydrogen phosphate ion ([tex]HPO_{4} ^{-}[/tex]) is needed. This can be found in reference materials. Next, an I.C.E. (Initial, Change, Equilibrium) table can be set up to calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions ([OH^{-}]) in the solution. By knowing the concentration of sodium phosphate, the concentration of PO_{4} ^{-3}can be determined at equilibrium.

From the [[tex]OH^{-}[/tex]], the hydronium ion concentration ([H_{3}O^{+}]) can be calculated using the Kw (ionization constant for water) equation: Kw = [H_{3}O^{+}[OH^{-}] = 1.0 x 10^-14 at 25°C. Finally, the pH can be determined by taking the negative logarithm (base 10) of the [H_{3}O^{+}]. By following these steps, the pH and [OH^{-}] of the sodium phosphate solution containing 33 g of [tex]Na_{3}PO_{4}[/tex] per liter can be calculated using the appropriate units and significant figures.

Learn more about ions here: https://brainly.com/question/968488

#SPJ11

The correct statements are:

1. The reaction would be faster because bromide is a better leaving group.

2. The reaction would be slower because the C-Br bond is weaker than the C-Cl bond.Therefore, the correct options are B and D.

A student uses a-bromoacetic acid instead of a-chloroacetic acid for the reaction.

The reason why 12 M HCl is added to the reaction mixture after the reaction was completed in the Williamson Ether Synthesis lab is to protonate the carboxylate group of the product, thus causing it to precipitate.

The rate of the reaction is not dependent on the nature of halogen used in the reaction, so option A is incorrect. C-Br bond is weaker than the C-Cl bond, hence option B is correct. Bromide ion is a better leaving group than chloride ion, hence option C is correct.

As bromide ion is a better leaving group, it is easier to remove it from the substrate, and hence, the reaction would be faster. C-Br bond is weaker than C-Cl bond, hence the bond breakage would be easier and the reaction would be faster.

The C-Cl bond is weaker than the C-Br bond, hence the bond breakage would be easier and the reaction would be faster. Therefore, option E is incorrect.

To know more about leaving group click on below link:

https://brainly.com/question/31501459#

#SPJ11

Answer:

It is 1,400 j

Explanation:

That is what i know

Answer:

1,400J

Explanation:

the formula for calculating Gravitational Potential Energy is mass×gravitational field strength×height

70×10×20=1,400

The electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, chlorine gas is produced at the anode because the chloride ion (Cl-) has a greater tendency to pick up electrons than the hydroxide ion (OH-) in the water.2Cl- - 2e- → Cl2b. Cathode:During electrolysis, the cathode will gain electrons to form a negatively charged ion that is discharged. For example, in the electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode because the hydrogen ion (H+) has a greater tendency to pick up electrons than the sodium ion (Na+) in the water.2H+ + 2e- → H2.

Avogadro’s number (NA) can be determined by electrolysis using the Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. Electrolysis is the process of separating or breaking down a compound by the action of an electric current into its constituent parts. Faraday's first law states that the amount of substance deposited or liberated during electrolysis is proportional to the quantity of electricity passed.Faraday's second law of electrolysis states that the weights of different substances that are liberated at the electrodes, on passing the same quantity of electricity through an electrolytic cell are proportional to their equivalent weight.Given below is the calculation for the determination of Avogadro’s number using electrolysis:Let's assume the current passed, I = 2 ATime taken, t = 1800 seconds (30 minutes)Atomic weight of copper, W = 63.5 g/molThe electrochemical equivalent of copper is given by Faraday’s first law asThe amount of copper deposited on cathode = itM / zFWhere,M = atomic mass or molar mass of copperz = number of electrons involved in the reaction (z = 2 in the case of copper)F = Faraday’s constant, i.e. 96500 C mol-1Thus, the number of moles of copper deposited is given byMoles of copper deposited = (itM / zF) = (2 × 1800 × 63.5) / (2 × 96500)= 0.117 gramsNumber of moles of copper atoms in 0.117 grams is given byMoles of copper atoms = (0.117 / 63.5) = 1.84 × 10-3 molesGiven that 1 mole of copper contains 6.02 × 1023 copper atoms or ions, the number of copper atoms or ions in 1.84 × 10-3 moles is given byNA = number of copper atoms or ions = (1.84 × 10-3 × 6.02 × 1023) / 1= 1.11 × 1021 atoms or ionsReport on the general changes of the electrodes with each electrolysisa. Anode:During electrolysis, the anode will gradually dissolve because it loses electrons to form a positively charged ion that goes into solution, allowing the reaction to occur. For example, in the electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, chlorine gas is produced at the anode because the chloride ion (Cl-) has a greater tendency to pick up electrons than the hydroxide ion (OH-) in the water.2Cl- - 2e- → Cl2b. Cathode:During electrolysis, the cathode will gain electrons to form a negatively charged ion that is discharged. For example, in the electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode because the hydrogen ion (H+) has a greater tendency to pick up electrons than the sodium ion (Na+) in the water.2H+ + 2e- → H2.

Learn more about electrolysis here:

https://brainly.com/question/12994141

#SPJ11

The substances that will affect the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex] in an aqueous solution are LiF, H[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex], NaOH, and BaCl[tex]_2[/tex]. The correct answer is option a, b, c, and d.

The solubility of a compound refers to its ability to dissolve in a solvent. It is affected by a number of factors such as temperature, pressure, and the presence of other substances. In the case of BaF[tex]_2[/tex], its solubility can be influenced by other substances in the solution.

Here are the explanations of how each substance will affect the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex]:

LiF (a) - Both BaF[tex]_2[/tex] and LiF are ionic compounds. Therefore, the presence of LiF in the solution can cause an increase in the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex].

H[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex] (b) - Sulfuric acid (H[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex]) is a strong acid. When it dissociates in water, it produces [tex]H^+[/tex] ions. The presence of [tex]H^+[/tex] ions in the solution can decrease the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex].

NaOH (c) - Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base. When it dissociates in water, it produces [tex]OH^-[/tex] ions. The presence of [tex]OH^-[/tex] ions in the solution can increase the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex].

BaCl[tex]_2[/tex] (d) - BaCl[tex]_2[/tex] is another ionic compound that can dissociate into [tex]Ba^{2+}[/tex] and [tex]Cl^-[/tex] ions in aqueous solution. The presence of [tex]Ba^{2+}[/tex] ions can have a significant impact on the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex] as it can cause a decrease in its solubility.

KNO[tex]_3[/tex] (e) - Potassium nitrate (KNO[tex]_3[/tex]) is a neutral compound that is not expected to have any significant effect on the solubility of BaF[tex]_2[/tex].

Therefore, the correct answer is a. LiF, b. H[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex], c. NaOH, and d. BaCl[tex]_2[/tex].

Learn more about solubility here:

https://brainly.com/question/28935786

#SPJ11

In Wittig reaction, will be run using diethyl ether or THF as solvent. Water is used for leaching the product from the residue. Your crude product is recrystallized from ethanol.

In the Wittig reaction, the reaction is typically run using an inert solvent such as diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran (THF). Water is added to the residue to leach out the product, as the product is often water-soluble while the residue contains the byproducts and unreacted reagents.

The crude product is then recrystallized from a suitable solvent such as ethanol or methanol to obtain purified crystals. The choice of solvent for recrystallization depends on the solubility of the product and impurities.

Recrystallization is performed using solvents like ethanol or methanol to obtain purified crystals of the desired product. The choice of solvent in each step is crucial for achieving a successful and purified reaction outcome.

Learn more about the Wittig reaction here:

https://brainly.com/question/31385260

#SPJ4

The complete question is:

In Wittig Reaction, the reaction will be run using A. (hexane/methanol/no solvent) as solvent: B (Hexane/methanol/no solvent) is added to the residue to leach out your product: Your crude product is recrystallized from C (hexane/methanol/no solvent)

Answer:

An allele is a variant form of a gene. Some genes have a variety of different forms, which are located at the same position, or genetic locus, on a chromosome. Humans are called diploid organisms because they have two alleles at each genetic locus, with one allele inherited from each parent.

In a dissolving metal reduction, ammonia serves as a solvent, and each sodium atom acts as an electron donor. As a result, the alkyne is reduced to give an alkene product.

Dissolving metal reduction is a technique used to reduce alkynes to alkenes using an alkali metal, such as lithium or sodium, in liquid ammonia. During this process, the alkali metal dissolves in liquid ammonia to produce a deep blue color, which is a result of electrons being released from the alkali metal.

This process results in the formation of an intermediate solution containing free electrons that act as strong reducing agents, which can reduce the alkyne to an alkene. Therefore, in this reaction, ammonia serves as a solvent, while each sodium atom acts as an electron donor, leading to the reduction of the alkyne to form an alkene product.

Finally, we can say that in a dissolving metal reduction, ammonia serves as a solvent, and each sodium atom acts as an electron donor. As a result, the alkyne is reduced to give an alkene product.

Learn more about dissolving metal reduction here:

https://brainly.com/question/31672934

#SPJ11

a. True.  If the equipment is accurately calibrated, it will have both repeatable and reproducible measurements.

Calibrated equipment refers to instruments or devices that have undergone a calibration process, which involves comparing the measurements of the equipment to a known standard. This process ensures that the equipment is accurate and reliable in its measurements.

When equipment is properly calibrated, it means that it has been adjusted or aligned to match a known reference point or standard, minimizing any systematic errors or uncertainties in its measurements. As a result, calibrated equipment should provide consistent and repeatable measurements when used under the same conditions.

Reproducibility, on the other hand, refers to the ability to obtain consistent results when the measurement is performed by different operators or in different locations using the same calibrated equipment and method.

Therefore, if the equipment is accurately calibrated, it will have both repeatable and reproducible measurements, making option a, "True," the correct answer.

Calibrated equipment is essential for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of measurements, and it facilitates both repeatability and reproducibility in obtaining consistent results.

To know more about measurements visit:

https://brainly.com/question/30951620

#SPJ11

The infrared wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum encompasses infrared light with an emission wavelength of 1580 nm (nanometers).

The term near-infrared radiation is frequently used to describe it. The infrared light's greater wavelength range is indicated by its wavelength of 1580 nm.

Thermal imaging, remote sensing, and communication systems can all benefit from infrared radiation's capacity to interact with molecular vibrations and permeate certain materials.

Thus, we keep three significant figures by writing the wavelength as 1580 nm in order to accurately describe the value.

For more details regarding wavelength, visit:

https://brainly.com/question/31143857

#SPJ1

Answer:

Miscible

Explanation:

Mixed completely

Answer:

It would be a square plus b square and i am writing just so i can get pionts

Explanation:

Answer:

See Explanation

Explanation:

In electrolysis, a solution called the electrolyte is decomposed by the passage of direct current through it.

The points through which current enters and leaves the electrolyte are called electrodes. In electrolysis, oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction occurs at the cathode.

In the electrolysis of water; at the anode oxygen is produced as follows;

4OH^-(aq) -----> 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 4e

Answer:

cierra los ojos que me vengo o me vengo

Explanation:

cierra los ojos que me vengo o me vengo  cierra los ojos que me vengo o me vengo cierra los ojos que me vengo o me vengcierra los ojos que me vengo o me vengoo

Answer:

Cell division is the process by which a cell, called the parent cell, divides into two cells, called daughter cells.[1] When the cell divides, everything inside it divides also. The nucleus and the chromosomes divide, and the mitochondria divide also.

In mitosis, an ordinary body (somatic) cell divides to make two daughter cells.

In meiosis, a cell divides twice, to produce four gametes (sex cells). The first division of meiosis is a special kind of cell division called a reduction division because the number of chromosomes is halved. The second division of meiosis is similar to mitosis.[2]

Three types of cell division: left is binary fission as in bacteria; right are mitosis and meiosis as in eukaryotes.

Cells are the 'building blocks' of life, and cell division is a basic feature of life. For simple unicellular organisms like Amoebozoa, one cell division reproduces the entire organism. On a larger scale, cell division can create offspring from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. But most importantly, cell division enables organisms that are able to sexually reproduce to develop from the one-celled fertilised egg (zygote). Cell division also allows for continual renewal and repair of the organism.

The cell division is completed in the four phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

It is the process by which cells divide into daughter cells. This keeps the cell organism to survive.

The five facts about cell division are:

Therefore, the cell division is completed in the four phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Learn more about cell division:

https://brainly.com/question/725029

Answer:

Its B :)

Hope this helps

Image B will shows the butter particles before and after thermal energy will be transferred to the solid butter by heating. So, the correct option is B.

The energy present in a system that determines its temperature is referred to as thermal energy. Thermal energy flows as heat. Thermodynamics is a whole field of physics that studies how heat is transmitted across various systems and how work is performed in the process.

The butter particles in Picture B are shown both before and after the solid butter has been heated to transmit thermal energy to it. This image shows a solid butter particle with tightly packed molecules, however when the butter is heated, it melts into a liquid form with loosely packed molecules.

Thus, the correct option is B.

Learn more about Thermal energy, here:

https://brainly.com/question/11278589

#SPJ3

Answer:

Yes.

Explanation:

Birds don't look much like humans on the outside. As you might expect, their insides are also different, even though their internal organs carry out the same basic functions human organs carry out.

Answer:

Conservation of Charge is the principle that the total electric charge in an isolated system never changes. The net quantity of electric charge, the amount of positive charge minus the amount of negative charge in the universe, is always conserved.

Answer: Physical change

Explanation:  I said physical change because its changing the form of the substance and also solid to gas are sublimating

The potential energy (u) of a pair of hydrogen atoms separated by a large distance x is given by the equation = u(x) = -c6/x^6. The equation provided represents a simplified model of the interaction between hydrogen atoms, known as the Lennard-Jones potential.

In this equation, c6 is a positive constant that determines the strength of the interaction between the hydrogen atoms. The potential energy is inversely proportional to the sixth power of the distance between the atoms.

As the distance (x) between the hydrogen atoms increases, the potential energy decreases rapidly. This is because the negative sign indicates an attractive force between the atoms. The potential energy approaches zero as the distance between the atoms becomes very large.

Conversely, as the distance between the hydrogen atoms decreases, the potential energy becomes more negative, indicating a stronger attractive force between the atoms.

In reality, the interaction between atoms is more complex and involves other factors such as electron-electron repulsion and electron-nucleus attraction.

To know more about hydrogen atom

https://brainly.com/question/24433860

#SPJ11

The chemical equations are as follows:

a. NH₃: NH₃ + H₂O ⇌ NH₄+ + OH⁻ (Kb = [NH4⁺][OH⁻] / [NH₃])

b. HCO₃-: HCO₃- + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃ + OH⁻ (Kb = [H₂CO₃][OH⁻] / [HCO₃⁻])

c. CH₃NH₂: CH₃NH₂ + H₂O ⇌ CH₃NH₃+ + OH⁻ (Kb = [CH₃NH₃⁺][OH⁻] / [CH₃NH₂])

a. NH₃ (ammonia):

NH₃ + H₂O ⇌ NH₄⁺ + OH⁻

The corresponding expression for Kb (base dissociation constant) is:

Kb = [NH₄⁺][OH⁻] / [NH₃]

b. HCO₃⁻ (bicarbonate):

HCO₃⁻ + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃ + OH⁻

The corresponding expression for Kb is:

Kb = [H₂CO₃][OH⁻] / [HCO₃⁻]

c. CH₃NH₂ (methylamine):

CH₃NH₂ + H₂O ⇌ CH₃NH₃+ + OH-

The corresponding expression for Kb is:

Kb = [CH₃NH₃⁺][OH⁻] / [CH₃NH₂]

In these equations, the weak base reacts with water to produce its conjugate acid (NH₄⁺, H₂CO₃, or CH₃NH₃⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻). The Kb expression represents the equilibrium constant for the base ionization reaction and relates the concentrations of the products (conjugate acid and hydroxide ion) to the concentration of the weak base.

To learn more about chemical equations, refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/26694427

#SPJ4

Answer is given in parts

Given equation: CH4(g)+H20(g) → 3 H2(g) + CO(g)

The given reaction is endothermic. It can be predicted that if there is an increase in temperature, the equilibrium will shift to the right as an endothermic reaction will favor the forward reaction to absorb more heat. If there is a decrease in temperature, the equilibrium will shift to the left.

Perturbations Effect on the composition of mixture Effect on the equilibrium

a. Removal of CH4 Decrease Decrease in CH4 will shift the equilibrium to the right.

b. Addition of CO Increase The addition of CO will shift the equilibrium to the left as the reaction will try to use up the excess CO.

c. Increase in Pressure No effect The increase in pressure will have no effect as the total number of moles of gases is the same on both sides of the equation.

d. Increase in temperature Increase Increase in temperature will shift the equilibrium to the right as it is an endothermic reaction and will favor the forward reaction to absorb more heat.

e. Addition of H2O No effect The addition of H2O will have no effect as there is already H2O present on the reactant side and the product side.

f. Removal of CO Decrease The removal of CO will shift the equilibrium to the right as the reaction will try to replace the lost CO.

learn more about endothermic Reaction here:

https://brainly.com/question/28909381

#SPJ11

Iron is the limiting reagent because it is completely used up in the reaction.

option B.

The chemical expression for the reaction between iron and oxygen is:

4Fe(s)  +  3O₂ (g)   2Fe₂O₃ (s)

The number of moles of iron = mass of Fe/ molecular mass of Fe

The number of moles of Fe = 56 g/ 55.845 g/mol

The number of moles of Fe = 1.002 moles of Fe

The number of moles of oxygen = mass of oxygen/ molecular mass of oxygen

The number of moles of oxygen = 156 g /32 g/mol

The number of moles of oxygen = 4.875 moles of oxygen

Assume that Fe is the limiting reactant, the number of Fe₂O₃ can be calculated as:

moles of Fe₂O₃ = 1.002 mole of Fe × 2 moles of Fe₂O₃/ 4 moles of Fe

moles of Fe₂O₃ = 0.501 mole of Fe₂O₃

Assume that O₂ is the limiting factor, the number of Fe₂O₃ is:

moles of Fe₂O₃ = 4.875 moles of O₂ × 2 moles of Fe₂O₃/ 3 moles of O₂

moles of Fe₂O₃ = 3.25 mole of Fe₂O₃

Thus, after the reaction is complete, Fe and O₂ contain different moles of Fe₂O₃. Only Fe gets consumed in the reaction and it is the limiting factor.

Learn more about limiting reagents here: https://brainly.com/question/14222359

#SPJ4

The complete question is below:

exactly 56 grams of iron is mixed with 156 grams of oxygen. the elements are heated and they react. which choice best describes what remains after the reaction is complete?

a. oxygen is the limiting reagent

b. iron is the limiting reagent

c. both are limiting reagent

d. none is limiting reagent

Answer:

Burning is a reaction in which oxides are formed by combining fuel(reductant) and oxidant.

Explanation: Ex charcoal and lighter fluid

Hope this helps

Answer:

When baking soda reacts with vinegar, one of the products produced is the gas carbon dioxide.

Answer:

The product left behind is carbon dioxide.

Answer:

The more water vapor in the air parcel, the more condensation can occur, and therefore, more rain. ... The air parcel then loses more energy, causing more rainfall. Wind pushes air parcels even higher in the troposphere, where it is colder. The air parcels will then lose more energy and more rain can happen.

I think is FALSE, is that right?

Explanation:

Transverse waves are always characterized by particle motion being perpendicular to wave motion. A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction that the wave moves.

Answer:

New volume = 19.61 L

Explanation:

Given that,

Initial volume, V₁ = 18.2 L

Initial temperature, T₁ = 22°C = 295 K

Final temperature, T₂ = 45°C = 318 K

We neeed to find the new volume of the tire. The relation between volume and temperature is given by :

[tex]V\propto T\\\\\dfrac{V_1}{V_2}=\dfrac{T_1}{T_2}\\\\V_2=\dfrac{V_1T_2}{T_1}\\\\V_2=\dfrac{18.2\times 318}{295}\\\\V_2=19.61\ L[/tex]

So, the new volume of the tire is equal to 19.61 L.

Answer:

19.61

Explanation:

It is easy, the mole is multiples by k and soforth