Complete question:
You are studying a biochemical pathway in the mold Neurospora where enzyme 1 converts the initial substrate into intermediate substrate A; enzyme 2 converts intermediate substrate A into intermediate substrate B; enzyme 3 converts intermediate substrate B into intermediate substrate C; and enzyme 4 converts intermediate substrate C into the end product, an amino acid that is essential for growth. You isolate a mutant that is unable to grow on minimal media. Which data would provide the strongest support for the hypothesis that this mutation occurred in the gene that codes for enzyme 2?
a. The mold can grow on rich medium plus intermediate substrate C, but not on rich medium plus intermediate substrate B.
b. The mold can grow on minimal medium plus intermediate substrate B, but not on minimal medium plus the initial substrate.
c. The mold can grow on minimal medium plus intermediate substrate B, but not on minimal medium plus intermediate substrate A.
d. The mold can grow on rich medium plus intermediate substrate D, but not on rich medium plus intermediate substrate C.
e. The mold can grow on minimal medium plus intermediate substrate A, but not on minimal medium plus intermediate substrate C.
Answer:
c. The mold can grow on minimal medium plus intermediate substrate B, but not on minimal medium plus intermediate substrate A.
Explanation:
Let us first diagram the pathway for a better understanding.
The normal organism produces four enzymes that convert substrates in the medium that allow it to survive, grow, and reproduce.
initial substrate ------------> A ----------------> B ----------------> C ----------------> AA
Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Enzyme 4
Any mutation on the Neurospora´s enzymes will not let the organism grow on the minimal medium because it will not be able to convert the minimal substrate into the following one, because the mutated enzyme will not accomplish its original function.
So if the mutation occurs in enzyme 1, the organism will not be able to convert the initial substrate into intermediate substrate A. And the rest of the reaction will not be possible either because of the lack of substance A.initial substrate -----X----> A -------X-----> B ------X--------> C ------X-------> AA
mutated Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Enzyme 4
If the mutation occurs in enzyme 2, the organism will not be able to convert the intermediate substrate A into intermediate substrate B. And the rest of the reaction will not be possible either because of the lack of substance B.
initial substrate ------------> A -------X--------> B -------X------> C --------X-----> AA
Enzyme 1 mutated Enz. 2 Enzyme 3 Enzyme 4
If the mutation occurs in enzyme 3, the organism will not be able to convert the intermediate substrate B into intermediate substrate C. And the last reaction will not be possible either because of the lack of substance C.
initial substrate ------------> A ----------------> B -------X--------> C -------X------> AA
Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 mutated Enz. 3 Enzyme 4
And if the mutation occurs in enzyme 4, the organism will not be able to convert the intermediate substrate C into the essential amino acid.
initial substrate ------------> A ----------------> B ----------------> C -------X-------> AA
Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Mutated Enz. 4
But, if we artificially add to the medium the substrate that should be produced by the original enzyme (and that is not converted because of the mutation), then the organism will grow and survive because the other enzymes will be able to produce the essential amino acid.
So, if enzyme 2 is the only enzyme mutated, the organism will not be able to live in a medium with substrate A because the mutated enzyme will not convert the substrate A into B. There will not be B substrate in the medium, and the other enzymes will not produce the essential amino acid. So if the mutation occurs in enzyme 2, substrate A is useless to the organism because it will not survive.
But if we add the intermediate substrate B to the medium, the organism will survive. In a medium with substrate B, all the other reactions will be possible, and the organism will get the essential amino acid. The artificial addition of B substrate will replace the function of the original enzyme 2 -which is the one that converts A into B-.
Which of the following is most like the formation of identical twins? A) cell cloning. B) therapeutic cloning. C) use of adult stem cells.
The right answer is (A), which states that cloning is most similar to the development of identical twins.
Cloning, which can be done via artificial or natural methods, is the act of generating unique beings with DNA that is identical or very similar. In the field of biotechnology, cloning is the process of creating organisms (copies) from cells and DNA fragments (molecular cloning). In addition to amplifying DNA segments that contain whole genes, cloning can be used to amplify any DNA sequence, including promoters, non-coding sections, and randomly fragmented DNA. It is used in a number of biological research projects and practical applications, including as mass protein production and the creation of genetic fingerprints. The process of figuring out the chromosomal location of a gene connected to an important feature, such as in positional cloning, is sometimes misleadingly referred to as "cloning." Despite the fact that a gene has been mapped to a certain chromosomal or genomic region, one cannot always extract or amplify the relevant genomic sequence.
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Eukaryotic processing of the primary transcript includes __________.
The main transcript is processed by eukaryotes by splicing out introns and adding a 5 cap and 3 poly-A tail.
The harder part comes first. Termination does not involve stem-loop structures. Three enzymes carry out transcription (RNA polymerases I, II and III).Transcription is more tightly regulated in prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, translation begins when mRNA leaves the nucleus and begins transcription inside the nucleus. RNA polymerase is directed to start producing RNA by a promoter site on the 5' side of the transcriptional start site. The RNA polymerase transcribes the sense (-) strand of the DNA template.In eukaryotes, the original RNA transcript is converted into mRNA by a process called maturation.
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No recombination of homologs occurs?
No recombination of homologs occurs in mitosis.
Mitosis is a stage of the cell cycle during which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Mitosis results in the formation of genetically identical cells with the same number of chromosomes. As a result, mitosis is also referred to as equational division.
Mitosis is only found in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide through a process known as binary fission. Mitosis differs from organism to organism. Animal cells, for example, go through "open" mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, whereas fungi go through "closed" mitosis, in which the chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus.
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How does the DNA of the 2 sister chromatids of chromosomes compare?
The genetic sequences of sister chromatids are identical. Sister chromatids occur only after the S (synthesis) phase, when the DNA is replicated in preparation for mitosis or meiosis.
A sister chromatid is a pair of identical copies (chromatids) generated by chromosomal DNA replication, with both copies connected together by a shared centromere.
To put it another way, a sister chromatid is 'one-half' of a duplicated chromosome. A dyad is a pair of sister chromatids.
Because both sisters are the result of semi-conservative DNA replication and so have the same DNA sequence, suitable criteria to identify sister chromatids are not clear.
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What is the correct arrangement for the components of one strand in A DNA molecule?
Answer:The correct option is A.
Explanation:The correct option is A
Adenine-Thymine
Explanation of correct option:
Option A
DNA molecules consist of four nucleotides - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
Base pairing in the presence of hydrogen bonding.
Adenine - Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine
Classify each phrase as describing an enzyme, an active site, or a substrate.
a. A biological catalyst
b. A protein containing an active site
c. A specific enzyme location that binds with the substrate
d. A substance that the enzyme acts upon
e. May be a phosphate group
Since there is where the catalytic "action" takes place, the area of the enzyme where the substrate binds is known as the active site.
These amino acids make it possible for an enzyme's active site to specifically bind to its substrate or substrates and facilitate chemical reactions. An enzyme will cling to (bind) one or more reactant molecules in order to catalyze a process. The substrates of the enzyme are these substances. One substrate may be broken down into several products in some reactions. The products then depart the enzyme's active site.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that quicken a living thing's biochemical reactions. Enzymes don't alter the reaction's equilibrium.
The product is created by the enzymes from the substrate. The enzymes generate the enzymes substrate complex when they attach to the substrate's active site. The synthesis of this enzyme substrate complex is crucial for the creation of the specific product.
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What are the two important features of a traditional haiku?
Traditional haiku centers around two important features while giving a surprising viewpoint. Similar to a joke, the initial segment of haiku can frequently act as the set-up, while the subsequent part conveys the zinger.
An illustration comes from Murakami Kijo, a Japanese poet who lived from 1865 to 1938:
First autumn morning:
the mirror I stare into
shows my father’s face.
In Kijo's model, we can see that it adheres to the guidelines we made sense of above: a reference to Autumn and the unusual perspective at the end are two important features, and punctuation separates the lines.
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What are the 3 phases of the Calvin cycle and what happens during each phase?
Answer: The three phases are carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
Explanation: In stage 1, the enzyme RuBisCO incorporates carbon dioxide into an organic molecule. In stage 2, The 3-PGA molecules created through carbon fixation are converted into molecules of simple sugar–glucose. This stage obtains energy from ATP and NADPH formed during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The organic molecule is reduced. In stage 3, RuBP, the molecule that starts the cycle, is regenerated so that the cycle can continue.
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Is monggo good for stomach?
Monggo is beneficial for the stomach. Soluble fiber and carbohydrate in mung beans help to control digestion.
Therefore, compared to other legumes, moong beans' carbohydrate content is less prone to cause flatulence. Mung beans also include a lot of protein and fiber. Additionally, it is abundant in antioxidants, which reduce blood pressure. It also has various characteristics that help to regulate blood sugar levels.
Nevertheless, it should not be consumed by those who have issues with their kidneys or gallbladder. Oxalate, a substance found in mung beans, prevents the body from properly absorbing calcium. Therefore, those who are calcium deficient should stay away from it. Additionally, as they are difficult to digest, one should chew them thoroughly.
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Most of the electrons removed from glucose by cellular respiration are used for which of the following processes?
a. Reducing NAD+ to NADH in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
b. Producing a proton gradient for ATP synthesis in the mitochondria
c. Driving substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis
d. The second and third answers are correct.
e. The first two choices are correct.
The correct option is (e) i.e. the first two choices are correct. Most of the electrons removed from glucose by cellular respiration are used for the processes listed.
The oxidation of biological fuels in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, during the process of cellular respiration results in considerable amounts of energy that are utilised to power the primary production of ATP. Eukaryotic mitochondrial cristae are the site of oxidative phosphorylation. It is made up of the electron transport chain, which generates a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the inner membrane's edge by oxidising the NADH produced by the Krebs cycle. When the chemiosmotic gradient drives the phosphorylation of ADP, the ATP synthase enzyme creates ATP. When the foreign oxygen receives the electrons, it reacts with two protons to form water. Numerous illnesses may have an impact on cellular respiration. Given how crucial cellular respiration is to bodily functions, many of these disorders have a significant negative effect on people. The most common conditions that affect glycolysis are pyruvate kinase insufficiency, erythrocyte hexokinase deficiency, and glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency.
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What part of the body is most painful to get a tattoo?
Neck and Spine are the two most painful body parts to get a tattoo.
Tattoos are one of the most popular kind of body art across the world. According to a 2010 research, 38 percent of persons aged 18 to 29 had had tattoos at least once in their life.
Tattooing is the process of repeatedly piercing the top layer of your skin with a sharp needle that has been colored. Getting a tattoo is always uncomfortable, albeit various people feel varying amounts of agony.
Biologically masculine people experience and cope with pain differently than biologically feminine people. Furthermore, different regions of the body suffer varying degrees of discomfort when tattooed.
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Do clams have lungs or gills?
Bivalves like oysters and clams, have greatly enlarged gills that they use for both respiration and filter feeding.
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What factors require cells to use active transport?
Answer:
Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.
There are two types of active transport: primary active transport that uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and secondary active transport that uses an electrochemical gradient.
What are the 4 common characteristics shared among living things?
Answer:
Living things have a variety of characteristics that are displayed to different degrees: they respire, move, respond to stimuli, reproduce and grow, and are dependent on their environment.
What is reproductive mutation?
What is non homeostatic?
Consuming certain foods or minerals in proportions that do not support health is known as non-homeostatic eating (i.e., disproportional to need). Understanding the neurobiology behind excessive intake of fat and sugar has been the subject of a lot of research.
Non-homeostatic mechanisms include learning, memory, and cognitive processes that can affect feeding based on previously learned experiences and hedonic aspects of food, in contrast to homeostatic mechanisms, which regulate feeding in response to general energy deficit or other types of metabolic need.
The opposite of equilibrium The salt content of ocean waves remains constant. Example of Environmental Response. A chameleon changing their color to their environment.
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Fish produce 1,000 grams of biomass, which represents usable chemical energy. Describe the approximate amount of energy from that biomass that will transfer from fish to polar bears.
Fish provide polar bears with 10 grams of biomass worth of energy.
What is biomass?Biomass is defined as a fuel made from organic materials; a sustainable and renewable energy source used to produce electricity or other types of power. Our ecology, economy, and energy security might all be significantly improved by using biomass as a clean, renewable energy source.
According to 10% rule.
1000x10%=100
100x10%=10.
When animals from one trophic level are consumed by organisms from the next trophic level, energy is lost when going from a lower trophic level to a higher trophic level because energy is lost as metabolic heat.
Thus, fish provide polar bears with 10 grams of biomass worth of energy.
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CSF then flows down the cerebral ____________ to the fourth ventricle.
CSF then flows down the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle.
The ventricles of a brain are a communicating network of cavities within the brain parenchyma that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The ventricular system is made up of two lateral ventricles, a third ventricle, a cerebral aqueduct, and a fourth ventricle.
The cerebral aqueduct is a structure inside the brainstem that connects the third and fourth ventricles. It is situated in the midbrain and is surrounded by periaqueductal grey matter (PAG), the with tectum of a midbrain located posteriorly and also the tegmentum anteriorly. It is filled with CSF, and its obstruction causes obstructive hydrocephalus with lateral and third ventricle dilatation only.
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by learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of
By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of classical conditioning. Merry Christmas and I hope this helped!
All animal cells are diploid except
options:
gametes.
muscle cells.
nerve cells.
germ-line cells.
somatic cells.
Except for gametes, all mammal cells are diploid.
With the exception of the gametes, almost all animal cells are diploid, however some are polyploid (three or more copies of each chromosome, often found in plants). The human genome has 46 diploid chromosomes, which is twice as many as the 23 haploid chromosomes found in human ova and sperm.
From the Greek term meaning "double," a cell or organism with two sets or copies (or homologs), typically one from each parent and so twice the number of haploids, of each somatic chromosome.
The right response is (a) gametes. In contrast to diploid cells, which have two sets of chromosomes, haploid cells only have one set.
Due to the fusing of two haploid gametes, all mammals are diploids genetically. The haploid gamete cells make sure that the amount of chromosomes or genetic material is constant from generation to generation.
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the enzyme(s) called __________ break(s) down the substrate called __________.
The enzyme(s) called peptidases break(s) down the substrate called proteins.
Peptidases are the digestive enzymes that can break down the large proteins into smaller peptides or even single amino acids. This process is known as proteolysis. The enzyme is produced in the small intestine of the digestive system.
Proteins are the biomolecules made up of amino acid as the monomers. These are the functional forms of genes that are involved in every function of the body. The proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the cell where ribosomes are present. Proteins are involved in functions like signaling, enzymatic, transport, etc.
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there are ___ levels of structural organization within the body.
There are Six distinct levels of structural organization within the body.
The smallest components of matter, such as atoms and molecules, are taken into consideration by scientists while studying the chemical level of organisation. The elements, which include elements like hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron, are the building blocks of all matter in the universe. Each of these unadulterated substances (elements) has an atom as its smallest unit. Subatomic particles like the proton, electron, and neutron are the building blocks of atoms. Molecules, like the ones found in water, proteins, and carbohydrates in living things, are made up of two or more atoms. All of the components of the human body are composed of molecules.
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Does point mutation increase DNA?
The point mutation can lead to an increase in the length of DNA sequences depending upon the type of mutation.
A point mutation is a form of mutation in which one single nucleotide base is added, deleted, or modified in DNA or RNA, the genetic material of the organism. In the case of base substitution length of the DNA sequence remains the same because the nucleotide number remains the same after the substitution. In the case of insertions mutation overall size of the DNA increases due to an increased number of nucleotides whereas decreased in the case of deletion mutations.
Hence, the type of point mutation determines DNA length.
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Clones are derived _____.
Plants and animals' bodily cells are eventually clones created by an one fertilized egg going through mitosis, or cell reproduction.
The term "clone," derived from the Greek klon, was first used in 1903 by plant physiologist Herbert J. Webber to describe the process of growing new plants from cuttings, bulbs, or buds. Howard Markel, a science historian, talks about how the phrase later evolved to apply to a variety of genetic alterations.Plants and animals' bodily cells are eventually clones created by an one fertilized egg going through mitosis, or cell reproduction. Every cell in clones' bodies has identical genetic information in the nucleus, which is where the chromosomes are located. Thus, the DNA and genes in the nucleus of cells from two clones are identical. The word "cloning" refers to a variety of procedures that may be used to create biological copies that are genetically identical to the original. A clone is a copy of a substance that shares the same genetic make-up as the original.
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Why research become integral part of development?
Development is dependent on research because without it, there would be nothing to develop. Therefore, research is discovery, and development is the application and improvement of that finding. Additionally, even if research is a beginning, it is also a component of development.
One simple illustration: We would not have personal computers, or really much of any form of computer, if Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain's invention of the transistor had not been made.
One of the very first digital computers, ENIAC, had a sizable space, consumed 175 kilowatts of power, and processed 500 flops per second.
A particularly powerful laptop computer uses roughly 170 watts per hour of power and has a processing speed of about 100 billion flops per second.
Without the government-funded research at Bell Labs, there would not have been a computer revolution, or it might not have looked anything like it does now.
In other words, you can't develop anything without research.
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A proteolytic enzyme cleaves _____ bonds.
Answer:
A proteolytic enzyme cleaves peptide bonds.Explanation:
Proteolytic enzymes, also known as peptidases, are enzymes that break down proteins by hydrolyzing the peptide bonds that hold the amino acid residues of a protein together. Proteolytic enzymes are essential for many biological processes, including the digestion of proteins in the stomach and intestines, the regulation of protein levels in the body, and the breakdown of damaged or unwanted proteins.
There are many different types of proteolytic enzymes, each of which has a specific function and target in the body. Some proteolytic enzymes, for example, are specifically designed to break down proteins in the stomach and intestines, while others are involved in the regulation of protein levels in the blood or other tissues.
Proteolytic enzymes play a key role in many biological processes, and their activity is carefully regulated in the body. Imbalances or defects in proteolytic enzymes can lead to a variety of health problems, including digestive disorders, immune system disorders, and neurological disorders.
explain how the electron transport chain is utilized in oxidative phosphorylation
The electron transport chain is utilized in oxidative phosphorylation as electrons are passed starting with one atom and then onto the next, and energy delivered in these electron moves is utilized to frame an electrochemical gradient.
The inner membrane of the mitochondria is home to a collection of proteins and organic molecules that make up the electron transport chain. In a series of redox reactions, electrons travel from one transport chain member to another. Chemiosmosis is the process by which the energy released during these reactions is used to make ATP and is captured as a proton gradient.
Electrons from the breakdown products of the first two stages of cellular respiration are taken by the electron transport chain, which then moves the electrons from one molecule to another.
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When a mutation occurs by elimination of one base in a DNA sequence this mutation is called a?
Answer: Deletion mutation
what happens when the body uses its fat stores to provide tissues with energy during fasting, when there is not enough food energy?
When the body uses its fat stores to provide tissues with energy during fasting, a process called lipolysis occurs. Lipolysis is the breakdown of stored fat into fatty acids and glycerol, which can then be used by the body for energy. The fatty acids are broken down further into molecules called ketone bodies, which can be used by the body for energy.
when the body uses its fat stores to provide tissues with energy during fasting Fat cells release fatty acids into the blood by breaking down stored fat.
The activation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is the first step in the breakdown of triglycerides. During fasting, plasma levels of glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, and cortisol all rise, stimulating this enzyme. HSL is triggered by each of these hormones in a different way. Cyclic AMP is produced when glucagon and epinephrine bind to adenylyl cyclase on the cell membrane. Protein kinase A (PKA), which in turn activates HSL, is triggered by cyclic AMP. The glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GR-alpha) in the cell's cytosol is where cortisol binds.
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the ______ is fenestrated.
A hole in the tracheostomy tube's shaft that is above the curvature and, thus, above the cuff of a cuffed trach tube is known as a fenestration.
A fenestration's function is to enable airflow past the vocal cords and upward. A tracheostomy patient cannot create voice without airflow via the vocal cords. How a Voice is Produced has further details about voice production.
It is not necessary to have a fenestration in order to speak with a tracheostomy tube, although it will probably make speaking louder and easier. See Speaking with a Tracheostomy Tube for more details.
Although a fenestrated tube can greatly ease speaking for tracheostomy patients, it's crucial to realise that in order to fully benefit from the fenestration, you must also utilise a fenestrated inner cannula. Standard, non-fenestrated inner cannulas will obstruct the fenestration, obstructing the benefits of airflow as well (most common).
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