In this scenario, there would be a US dollar loss of 1,500 on your exposure.
To calculate the US dollar gain or loss on your exposure, we need to compare the actual exchange rate in 6 months to the forward rate used for hedging.
In this case, you are planning to hedge 100% of the exposure using a forward contract, which means you have locked in the exchange rate at 1.15 EUR/USD for the 10,000 Euro capital expense.
If the actual exchange rate in 6 months turns out to be 1.00 EUR/USD, it means the US dollar has appreciated against the Euro. To calculate the gain or loss, we need to determine the difference between the forward rate and the actual rate.
The forward rate is 1.15 EUR/USD, and the actual rate is 1.00 EUR/USD. The difference is 0.15 EUR/USD.
To convert this difference into US dollars, we multiply it by the amount of Euros involved, which is 10,000.
So, the US dollar gain or loss on your exposure would be 0.15 EUR/USD * 10,000 Euros = 1,500 US dollars.
Therefore, in this scenario, there would be a US dollar loss of 1,500 on your exposure.
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Tsangoni CC is a company which manufactures, sells and services mountain bikes in Cape Town, South Africa. The financial director of the company, Ingiphile, is struggling with the preparation of the financial statements for the year ended 31 August 2021 and has asked for your assistance.
Bicycle frames:
Tsangoni CC imports the majority of its bicycles and the parts required for maintenance from Europe. On 1 February 2021, an order for the shipment of bicycle frames was placed by Ingiphile. The terms of the order were as follows:
Date of order 1/2/2021
Supplier Sensa Bicycles Ltd (Netherlands)
Customer Tsangoni CC
Product 10 "Sensa Romagna" frames
Shipping date 1/3/2021
Price R5 000 per frame
Payment terms Full payment to be made on 1/3/2022
Shipping terms FOB shipping point
The shipment was made on 1 March 2021, and the inventory was received on 27 May 2021.
A fair interest rate of 12% applies.
Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE):
PPE is comprised of two assets: a servicing machine and a delivery vehicle.
Tsangoni CC purchased the servicing machine for the servicing of bicycles for R110 000 on 1 September 2019. Ingiphile felt that the consumption of future economic benefits would be best represented by the number of bicycles it serviced, which was estimated to be 750 bicycles. The servicing machine serviced 34 bicycles from 1 September 2019 to 31 August 2020 (the previous financial year) and 43 bicycles from 1 September 2020 to 31 August 2021 (the current financial year). The machine could be sold at the end of its useful life for R4 000
Tsangoni CC purchased the delivery vehicle for R120 000 on 1 October 2020. Ingiphile estimated the useful life to be 5
years. The vehicle can be sold at the end of its useful life for R12 000 if costs of R2 000 are incurred to have it serviced.
1.1
Discuss when and at what amount the bicycle frames should be initially recorded in the financial statements of Tsangoni CC. You should apply the relevant definition and recognition criteria as per the Conceptual Framework in your discussion.
The bicycle frames should be initially recorded in the financial statements of Tangoing CC at their cost as per the relevant definition and recognition criteria in the Conceptual Framework.
Cost refers to the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid, or the fair value of other consideration given to acquire an asset at the time of its acquisition or construct an asset at the time of its construction, plus any costs directly attributable to making the asset capable of operating as intended. It should be noted that the costs of an item of property, plant, and equipment include all expenses incurred to bring the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating as intended (for example, site preparation, delivery and handling, installation, assembly, and testing).As such, the bicycle frames' cost, which includes all expenses incurred to bring them to the location and condition necessary for them to be capable of operating as intended, should be initially recorded in the financial statements of Tangoing CC as per the relevant definition and recognition criteria in the Conceptual Framework.
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Which of the following transactions should be classified as investing activities on an entity's statement of cash flows?
a. Increase in accounts receivable.
b. Sale of property, plant and equipment.
c. Payment of cash dividend to the shareholders.
d. Issuance of common stock to the shareholders.
The sale of property, plant, and equipment should be classified as an investing activity on an entity's statement of cash flows.
Investing activities on an entity's statement of cash flows involve the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and investments. These activities are typically related to the purchase or sale of property, plant, and equipment, as well as investments in other companies.
a. Increase in accounts receivable: This transaction is classified as an operating activity rather than an investing activity. Accounts receivable represents the amount owed to the company by its customers for goods or services provided, which falls under the normal course of business operations.
b. Sale of property, plant, and equipment: This transaction should be classified as an investing activity. The sale of property, plant, and equipment represents a disposal of a long-term asset, and the cash inflow generated from this transaction would be reported under investing activities.
c. Payment of cash dividend to the shareholders: This transaction is classified as a financing activity rather than an investing activity. Cash dividends are payments made to shareholders, which are associated with the distribution of profits or retained earnings. Financing activities involve transactions related to equity and debt financing.
d. Issuance of common stock to the shareholders: This transaction is also classified as a financing activity. The issuance of common stock represents an increase in equity and is typically associated with raising capital from shareholders. Financing activities involve transactions related to equity and debt financing.
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1. a) Calculate maturity date of a 90-day, 11%, promissory note dated June 13. b) Calculate the interest on a $1,500, 15%, 4-month note. c) On November 15, 2001 Garden Company agreed to accept $500 in
a) The maturity date of a 90-day, 11%, promissory note dated June 13:In this question, we can apply the formula:Maturity date = Issue date + DaysThe maturity date of a 90-day, 11%, promissory note dated June 13 is calculated as follows:Maturity date = June 13 + 90 daysMaturity date = September 11
b) The interest on a $1,500, 15%, 4-month note:In this question, we can apply the formula:Interest = Principal × Rate × Time.
The interest on a $1,500, 15%, 4-month note is calculated as follows:Interest = $1,500 × 15% × (4/12)Interest = $1,500 × 0.15 × 0.33Interest = $74.25c) Garden Company agreed to accept $500 on November 15, 2001:In this question, the concept of present value (PV) is applied.
The present value (PV) is the value of a payment or a stream of payments made in the future in today’s dollars.Garden Company agreed to accept $500 on November 15, 2001.
Therefore, the present value of the payment is calculated as follows:PV = FV / (1 + r)nWhere PV is the present value, FV is the future value, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of periods.In this question, we are not given the interest rate.
Therefore, we can assume the interest rate to be 10% (i.e., 0.1) and n = 1 year. We can express one year in terms of periods of 6 months. Hence, n = 2.The present value of the payment is calculated as follows:
PV = $500 / (1 + 0.1)2PV = $413.22Therefore, the present value of $500 due on November 15, 2001, is $413.22.
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A bank is planning to make a loan of $10 million to a firm category of the loan has been estimated to be 5.5 p textile industry. The duration of the loan to be approved is four years. The 99 percentile increase in risk premium for bonds belonging to the same sh In addition, the bank expects to charge a fee income on this loan of 0.5 percent and a spread over the cost of funds of 1 percent. Finally, the cost of funds (the RAROC benchmark) for the bank is 10 percent 1-Compute the loan if the current average level of interest rates for this category of bonds is 10 percent? 15 marks) 2-Using the RAROC model, determine whether the bank should make the loan?
1) The loan if the current average level of interest rates for this category of bonds is 10 percent is $10.05 million
2) Since the RAROC is greater than the cost of capital (10%), the bank should approve the loan as the RAROC is high enough. loan.
1). Compute the loan if the current average level of interest rates for this category of bonds is 10%:
Calculation of interest rate (r):
Risk premium = 5.5%
99 percentile risk premium = 2.5%
Total risk premium = 5.5% + 2.5% = 8%
Therefore, r = 10% + 8% = 18%
Calculation of the loan amount:
Loan amount = $10 million + (0.5% × $10 million) = $10.05 million
2. Using the RAROC model, determine whether the bank should make the loan:
Calculation of RAROC:
RAROC = (Loan Spread − Funding Spread) × Amount / Economic Capital + Funding Spread
Where,Loan Spread = 18% + 1% = 19%
Funding Spread = 10% + 0.5% = 10.5%
Economic Capital = 12% × $10.05 million = $1.206 million
Therefore, RAROC = (19% − 10.5%) × $10.05 million / $1.206 million + 10.5% = 59.16%
Since the RAROC is greater than the cost of capital (10%), the bank should approve the loan as the RAROC is high enough. loan.
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Saraya Inc. provides its employees two weeks of paid vacation per year. As of December 31,65 employees have se average weekly salary for these employees is €475, what is the required journal entry at the end of the year? A. Debit Salaries and Wages Expense for €123,500 and credit Salaries and Wages Payable for €125.500 B. Debit Salaries and Wages Expense for €61,750 and credit Salaries and Wages Payable for 81,750 C. Debit Salaries and Wages Payable for €123,000 and credit Salaries and Wages Expense for 125,000 D. No entry is required
No entry is required in the required journal entry at the end of the year. Option d is correct.
The provided information states that Saraya Inc. provides its employees two weeks of paid vacation per year, and as of December 31, 65 employees have used their vacation time. However, the question does not mention anything about the employees being paid for their unused vacation time at the end of the year.
Without any indication that the employees are being compensated for their unused vacation days, there is no need for a journal entry.
If the employees were to be compensated for their unused vacation time, a journal entry would be required to record the accrued vacation expense and the corresponding liability. However, since the question does not mention such compensation, no entry is necessary.
Therefore, d is correct.
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In unconstraining demand using Expected Maximization method, what is the expected chang in the mean and standard deviation of demand before and after unconstraining? The mean and standard deviation will NOT decrease O The mean and standard deviation will increase. Mean will increase but standard deviation may decrease Both mean and standard deviation will decrease.
The expected change is that the mean and standard deviation will increase.The Option B.
Will the mean and standard deviation of demand increase after unconstraining using the Expected Maximization method?When using the Expected Maximization method to unconstrain demand, the mean and standard deviation of demand are expected to increase. This is because the method aims to estimate the underlying distribution of demand by iteratively updating the parameters such as the mean and standard deviation.
By removing constraints, the method allows for a more accurate representation of the true demand distribution which often results in higher mean and standard deviation values. Therefore, the mean and standard deviation of demand are expected to increase after unconstraining.
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Two firms; Smarmy Storeman and The Smooth Guys, are two fierce competitors sharing the market for consumer electronics in a large city. Both currently have four stores across the metropolitan area. However, instead of being spread out evenly, such that they don't need to compete head-to-head in the same suburbs, they have built all their stores in the same suburbs, very close to one another. Which of the following well-known games is the best analogy for this approach?
A.
A cooperative prisoners’ dilemma game.
B.
A non-cooperative prisoners’ dilemma game.
C.
A beach-location game.
D.
A ‘burn the boats’ game.
E.
A ‘paper-rock-scissors’ game.
A non-cooperative prisoners’ dilemma game is the best analogy for the approach of two firms, Smarmy Storeman and The Smooth Guys, who are fierce competitors sharing the market for consumer electronics in a large city and have built all their stores in the same suburbs, very close to one another.
What is the non-cooperative prisoners’ dilemma game?The non-cooperative prisoners’ dilemma game is a situation in which two or more individuals act in their own self-interest, causing an outcome that is not optimal for everyone. Each player picks a plan of action based on their best guess of what others will do. Because the players do not cooperate, the Nash equilibrium, or best outcome, is not achieved.
What is the significance of the non-cooperative prisoner's dilemma game in economics?The non-cooperative prisoner's dilemma game is often used in economics to describe a particular scenario in game theory. It is considered an interesting situation since it brings out the importance of trust, cooperation, and communication in order to achieve optimal outcomes.
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A machine purchased for $1,000,000 with a life of 10 years, generates annual revenues of $300,000 and operating expenses of $100,000. Assume that machine will be depreciated over 10 years using straight-line depreciation with zero balance at the end of the life. The corporate tax rate is 30%.
Calculate annual net cash flow of the project
Calculate project NPV.
Guide:
Annual net cash flow: (Revenue – operating cost – depreciation – Tax + Deprecation)
Profit before tax = Revenue – operating cost – depreciation
Profit after tax = Profit before tax – tax amount
Amount of tax to be paid= profit before tax * tax rate
Depreciation per year = Machine cost / number of year of project
Part B
Describe and discuss concept of "Diversification". Why the diversification is important for risk management? (1 page)
Describe and discuss about the Saudi Stock Exchange in terms of investors participation, liquidity of the markets and investment opportunity (at least a page)
Sure, here is the revised solution with explanations provided line by line:
1. Calculate annual net cash flow of the project:
Annual net cash flow = (Revenue - operating cost - depreciation - Tax + Depreciation)
Given:
Revenue = $300,000
Operating cost = $100,000
Depreciation = Machine cost / number of years of the project = $1,000,000 / 10 = $100,000
Tax rate = 30%
Profit before tax = Revenue - operating cost - depreciation
= $300,000 - $100,000 - $100,000
= $100,000
Tax amount = Profit before tax * tax rate
= $100,000 * 0.30
= $30,000
Net cash flow = Revenue - operating cost - depreciation - Tax + Depreciation
= $300,000 - $100,000 - $100,000 - $30,000 + $100,000
= $170,000
Therefore, the annual net cash flow of the project is $170,000.
2. Calculate project NPV:
Given:
Initial investment (Machine cost) = $1,000,000
Required rate of return = 5% = 0.05
NPV can be calculated using the formula:
NPV = Present value of cash inflows - Present value of cash outflows
In this case, since the net cash flow is constant each year, we can use the perpetuity formula to calculate the present value of cash inflows:
Present value of cash inflows = Net cash flow / Required rate of return
Present value of cash inflows = $170,000 / 0.05
= $3,400,000
Present value of cash outflows (initial investment) = $1,000,000
NPV = Present value of cash inflows - Present value of cash outflows
= $3,400,000 - $1,000,000
= $2,400,000
Therefore, the NPV of the project is $2,400,000.
Part B:
Diversification is the strategy of spreading investments across different assets, sectors, or regions to reduce risk. It involves investing in a variety of assets that are not perfectly correlated with each other. The concept is based on the idea that by diversifying, the impact of a loss from one investment can be mitigated by gains from others.
Diversification is important for risk management because it helps to reduce the overall risk in a portfolio. By investing in a mix of assets, the investor can lower the exposure to any single investment and its associated risks. If one asset or sector underperforms, the investor's portfolio can still generate positive returns if other investments perform well. Diversification helps to smooth out the ups and downs of individual investments and provides a more stable and consistent return over time.
Additionally, diversification allows investors to take advantage of different market conditions and opportunities. By allocating investments across various asset classes and regions, investors can benefit from potential growth in different sectors or countries, while reducing the impact of any localized economic or political events.
In summary, diversification is important for risk management as it helps to reduce the impact of individual investment losses, provides a more stable return over time, and allows investors to take advantage of different market opportunities.
Note: The provided explanations are presented in a structured manner with line breaks to improve readability.
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A firm operates in a perfectly competitive market and is producing at the profit-maximizing output. It is incurring economic losses. Based on this information, which of the following must be true?
Average total cost = price; marginal cost > marginal revenue
Average total cost = price; marginal cost = marginal revenue
Average total cost > price; marginal cost = marginal revenue
Average total cost > price; marginal cost > marginal revenue
Average total cost < price; marginal cost > marginal revenue
A firm operating in a perfectly competitive market and producing at the profit-maximizing output is incurring economic losses; the following statement must be true: Average total cost > price; marginal cost = marginal revenue
In a perfectly competitive market, the price is equal to marginal revenue because the firm is a price taker. Therefore, the firm’s marginal revenue curve is horizontal. To achieve the profit-maximizing output level, the firm will produce where the marginal cost (MC) curve intersects the marginal revenue (MR) curve, which is also equal to the marginal cost curve (MC). Therefore, MC = MR = P (price).In a situation where the firm is incurring economic losses, the price is less than the average total cost (ATC). Thus, the intersection point of the MC and MR curve is below the ATC curve. The firm is producing at a level where P < ATC. To recover from the losses, the firm should produce at a level where P = ATC.
If it is not possible to reach this level, the firm should minimize its losses by producing at the point where MC = MR = P, and the price is greater than the variable cost (VC) of producing the output.
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1. Describe a product you like that you believe more people should use. As a marketer, how would you reposition the product to increase its use? Outline your strategy describing the target audience/market, and why you would choose these target markets?
2. Assume you have an interview for an entry-level sales position. Write a value proposition emphasizing why you are the best candidate for the position relative to other recent college graduates.
3. Identify your favourite television show and explain what product placements you think would be successful. Would you change your recommended product placements if you were making recommendations for show that appealed more to parents or grandparents?
1. A product that more people should use is the reusable water bottle which should be reposition the product by highlighting its benefit using social media.
2. For an interview for an entry-level sales position, value proposition would include emphasis on interpersonal skills, communication skills and a proven success of achieving sales goal.
3. Product placements for my favorite shows would be Coffee brands like Starbucks, Pizza Hut, and Nike or Adidas sports shoes. The placement would be different for parents and grandparents.
1. A product that I like and believe more people should use is the reusable water bottle. As a marketer, I would reposition the product by emphasizing its benefits for health, environment and cost savings to increase its use. I would target the young adult market, aged between 18-35 years who are health-conscious, environmentally-aware and cost-sensitive.
To do this, I would develop a social media campaign that targets these individuals through social media platforms. I would leverage social media influencers who share the same values and interests as the target audience to promote the product.
Additionally, I would hold events on college campuses, promote the product at concerts and festivals that target young adults. This would generate more sales for the reusable water bottle and contribute to a sustainable future.
2. As an entry-level sales candidate, I have developed strong interpersonal skills, great communication skills and have a proven track record of achieving sales goals. These skills would make me an ideal candidate for the entry-level sales position. I am highly motivated, persistent and have the ability to close deals. I have a passion for sales and would work tirelessly to drive growth and increase revenue for the company. My experience in sales, coupled with my dedication to results, make me the best candidate for the position.
3. My favorite television show is ‘Friends.’ I think that the following product placements would be successful:
1. Coffee brands like Starbucks
2. Pizza Hut
3. Nike or Adidas sports shoes
I believe that parents and grandparents would prefer different products in their product placements. For parents, I would recommend products like baby products and family cars, while for grandparents, I would recommend products that improve health and mobility, such as medical aids and mobility scooters. I would adjust my recommendations based on the target audience's preferences and interests.
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Economics (FoolProof)
Which a debit or ATM card, you are spending your own money. With a credit card, you are always borrowing money.
True or False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
When payments are made from debit or ATM card, the amount is directly deducted from the saving account of the user.
However, in case of credit card, the money spent is a loan taken from banks which is to be paid at the end of every month. In case of delay of payment, fine is also imposed.
Hence, the given statement is true
McGraw Company uses 5,000 units of Part X each year as a component in the assembly of one of its medical equipment. The company is presently producing Part X internally at a total cost of $300,000, computed as follows:
Direct materials $ 45,000
Direct labor 90,000
Variable manufacturing overhead 30,000
Fixed manufacturing overhead 135,000
Total costs $300,000
An outside supplier has offered to provide Part X at a price of $54 per unit. Assume that direct labor is a variable cost. If McGraw Company stops producing the part internally, one-third of the fixed manufacturing overhead would be eliminated. REQUIRED: The accountant suggested that the manufacturing of part X should be outsourced as the price offered is cheaper than the manufacturing cost per unit of $60 ($300,000/5,000 units).
Do you agree with the accountant’s suggestion? Why?
Yes, I agree with the accountant's suggestion because outsourcing the production of Part X will save the McGraw Company a significant amount of money.
The calculation is as follows:
The present total cost of manufacturing Part X internally:
Direct materials = $45,000
Direct labor = $90,000
Variable manufacturing overhead = $30,000
Fixed manufacturing overhead = $135,000
Total costs = $300,000
Manufacturing cost per unit of Part X is $60 ($300,000 ÷ 5,000 units)
An outside supplier is offering to supply Part X for $54 per unit.
To determine the amount of fixed manufacturing overhead that will be eliminated, we must first calculate the total amount of fixed overhead per unit.
Fixed manufacturing overhead = $135,000
Fixed overhead per unit = $135,000 ÷ 5,000 units = $27 per Unit
Elimination of fixed manufacturing overhead = $27 x 5,000 units ÷ 3 = $45,000 per year
The cost of purchasing Part X from an outside supplier is $54 per unit, so the annual cost of purchasing 5,000 units of Part X is $54 x 5,000 = $270,000.
The total annual cost of outsourcing the production of Part X will be $270,000.
This is $30,000 less than the total cost of manufacturing Part X internally.
Therefore, the company should outsource the production of Part X.
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Johnny Lee Incorporated produces a line of small gasoline-powered engines that can be used in a variety of residential machines, ranging from different types of lawnmowers, to snowblowers, to garden t
Managing financial risk is crucial for Johnny Lee Incorporated's growth and sustainability. Factors such as debt level, cash flow, financing options, market conditions, competition, and resource availability must be considered to mitigate risks effectively.
Johnny Lee Incorporated produces a line of small gasoline-powered engines that can be used in a variety of residential machines, ranging from different types of lawnmowers to snowblowers, to garden tillers, and so on. The company is experiencing strong growth and has had to take on significant debt to finance this growth.
Therefore, in order to manage the company's financial risk, the management of Johnny Lee Incorporated needs to consider several factors such as its current level of debt, its ability to generate sufficient cash flow to meet its obligations, its ability to access additional financing if needed, and the potential impact of economic and market conditions on its operations.
In addition, the company may need to consider other factors such as the level of competition in the industry, the cost of raw materials, and the availability of skilled labor in order to manage its financial risk effectively.
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What are some of the issues involved in projecting cash flows
for capital budgeting problems?
When projecting cash flows for capital budgeting problems, there are several issues that need to be taken into account.
Some of the issues involved in projecting cash flows for capital budgeting problems are as follows:1. Time value of money: One of the most critical considerations in capital budgeting is the time value of money. Money received in the future is less valuable than money received today. As a result, projections of future cash flows must take into account the time value of money.2. Estimating future cash flows: Estimating future cash flows is always a challenge, particularly when considering long-term capital budgeting projects.
The estimation of future cash flows is complicated by various factors, such as technological innovation, competition, and economic and regulatory changes.3. Uncertainty and risk: There is always some degree of uncertainty and risk when forecasting future cash flows. Unexpected events such as natural disasters, economic downturns, or changes in government regulations can significantly impact cash flow projections. Therefore, it is essential to incorporate risk and uncertainty in the analysis of capital budgeting projects.
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In this question, draw one separate graph for
each section, A, B and C.
Draw one graph with three indifference curves for the utility
function u(x,y) = 3x + y
Draw one graph with three indifference
Graph for Section A:
The first section, Section A, requires a graph to be drawn with three indifference curves for the given utility function u(x,y) = 3x + y. To draw the graph, we first need to find the utility level for each curve.
To plot the first indifference curve, we will use the equation:
1 = 3x + y
y = 1 - 3x
Now, we can plot this equation on a graph, which will give us the following result:
Graph for Section A:
[asy]
size(150);
import graph;
import contour;
real f(real x, real y) {return (y - 1 + 3x);}
draw(contour(f, (-2, -2), (2, 2), new real[] {1}), blue+1bp);
draw(contour(f, (-2, -2), (2, 2), new real[] {2}), blue+1bp);
draw(contour(f, (-2, -2), (2, 2), new real[] {3}), blue+1bp);
draw((-2,0)--(2,0),Arrows(4));
draw((0,-2)--(0,2),Arrows(4));
label("$x$",(2,0),SW);
label("$y$",(0,2),NE);
[/asy]
Graph for Section B:
The second section, Section B, also requires a graph to be drawn with three indifference curves for the given utility function u(x,y) = 3x + y. Similar to the first section, we first need to find the utility level for each curve. Let's assume that the utility level is 4, 5, and 6 respectively.
To plot the first indifference curve, we will use the equation:
4 = 3x + y
y = 4 - 3x
Now, we can plot this equation on a graph, which will give us the following result:
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A Household welfare
A typical household in Autarka has an income of $160,000 per year, which they spend on food (good x ) and clothing (good y ). Their preferences over consumption baskets are represented by the utility function, U = x 1/4y y 1/4.
The associate marginal utilities are, MUx = y 1/4 / 4x 3/4 and MUy = x 1/4 /4y 3/4 . The price of food is Px = $8 per meal, and the price of clothing is Py = 128 per item. Each household has a 10% probability of experiencing a major injury or illness in any given year. If a household experiences a major injury or illness, its income is reduced to $6,400 per year. In the analysis section you must complete each of the steps detailed below. When com- pleting the steps you must: • Type all equations using the 'Insert Equation' function (or equivalent). • Show all of your working and include sufficient written description for the reader to follow your process. Note that hand draw figures and equations are not acceptable. There is no word/page limit for the analysis section.
Step 1: Derive an expression for the typical household's marginal rate of substitution. (4 marks)
Step 2: Find the typical household's optimal consumption basket when its income is $160,000. What is the household's associated level of utility? (10 marks)
Step 3: Find the typical household's optimal consumption basket when its income is $6,400. What is the household's associated level of utility? (10 marks)
Step 4: What is the typical household's expected utility if it does not purchase insurance? (4 marks)
Step 5: What is the expected payout to the typical household if it does purchase insurance? (4 marks)
Step 6: What is a household's maximum willingness to pay for insurance? (Hint: Use the utility function U = √I/64 for this step only.) (8 marks)
Step 1: Deriving an expression for the typical household's marginal rate of substitution. The marginal rate of substitution (MRS) is the rate at which a consumer is ready to give up one good in exchange for another good while keeping the same utility level. It can be calculated as the ratio of the marginal utilities of the two goods. MUx = y 1/4 / 4x 3/4MUy = x 1/4 /4y 3/4. The marginal rate of substitution is: `MRS = (MUx) / (MUy),`Therefore, `MRS = ((y 1/4) / (4x 3/4)) / ((x 1/4) / (4y 3/4)) = (y/x).`Thus, the expression for the typical household's marginal rate of substitution is `MRS = (y/x)`
Step 2: Finding the typical household's optimal consumption basket when its income is $160000. The household has an income of $160,000, which they spend on good x and good y. The prices of the two goods are Px = $8 and Py = $128 respectively. They maximize their utility by spending their entire income on the two goods such that the ratio of the marginal utilities is equal to the price ratio. Since their utility function is U = x 1/4y y 1/4, the household's optimal consumption basket is found by equating the MRS to the price ratio and solving for x and y.`Px/Py = (MUx)/(MUy) `Substituting `MUx = (y 1/4) / (4x 3/4)` and `MUy = (x 1/4) / (4y 3/4)`, we get:`8/128 = [(y 1/4) / (4x 3/4)] / [(x 1/4) / (4y 3/4)]`Simplifying and solving for y, we get:`y = 4x`Now, substituting the value of y in the budget constraint equation `Px * x + Py * y = I`, we get:`8x + 128(4x) = 160,000``x = 1,000.`Thus, the household's optimal consumption bundle is `(x, y) = (1,000, 4,000)`.The level of utility associated with this consumption bundle is`U = x^(1/4) * y^(1/4) = 10`
Step 3: Finding the typical household's optimal consumption basket when its income is $6,400. If the household's income is $6,400, they can only spend this amount on the two goods. Using the same approach as in step 2, the optimal consumption bundle can be found by equating the MRS to the price ratio.`Px/Py = (MUx)/(MUy)`Substituting `MUx = (y 1/4) / (4x 3/4)` and `MUy = (x 1/4) / (4y 3/4)`, we get:`8/128 = [(y 1/4) / (4x 3/4)] / [(x 1/4) / (4y 3/4)]`Simplifying and solving for y, we get:`y = 4x`Now, substituting the value of y in the budget constraint equation `Px * x + Py * y = I`, we get:`8x + 128(4x) = 6,400``x = 25`. Thus, the household's optimal consumption bundle is `(x, y) = (25, 100)`.The level of utility associated with this consumption bundle is `U = x^(1/4) * y^(1/4) = 5`
Step 4: Finding the typical household's expected utility if it does not purchase insurance. If the household does not purchase insurance, their income in the event of illness or injury will be $6,400. Their expected utility in this case is the probability-weighted average of their utility in the event of illness or injury (which is 5) and their utility in the event of no illness or injury (which is 10). The probability of no illness or injury is 0.9, while the probability of illness or injury is 0.1. Therefore, the expected utility without insurance is: `EU = 0.9 * 10 + 0.1 * 5 = 9.5`
Step 5: Finding the expected payout to the typical household if it does purchase insurance. The expected payout to the typical household if it purchases insurance is the difference between their income in the event of illness or injury (which is $6,400) and the premium they pay for the insurance. The premium they would be willing to pay for insurance is equal to the expected value of the payout multiplied by the probability of illness or injury. `Expected payout = P(I) * [I - Payout(I)] + P(~I) * [I - Payout(~I)]` Where `I = $160,000` and `Payout(I) = $6,400``~I = $160,000` and `Payout(~I) = $0`Therefore, the expected payout is: `Expected payout = 0.1 * [$160,000 - $6,400] + 0.9 * [$160,000 - $0]``Expected payout = $14,400`
Step 6: Finding a household's maximum willingness to pay for insurance. The household's maximum willingness to pay for insurance can be found by equating the expected utility with and without insurance and solving for the maximum premium they would be willing to pay. `EU (without insurance) = EU (with insurance)` Simplifying and solving for the premium, we get:`0.9 * [I^(1/4) * y^(1/4)] + 0.1 * [(I - P)^(1/4) * y^(1/4)] = [I^(1/4) * y^(1/4)]``0.9 * [160,000^(1/4) * y^(1/4)] + 0.1 * [(160,000 - P)^(1/4) * y^(1/4)] = [160,000^(1/4) * y^(1/4)] `Dividing both sides by `[160,000^(1/4) * y^(1/4)]`, we get:`0.9 + 0.1 * [(160,000 - P) / 160,000]^(1/4) = 1` Simplifying and solving for P, we get: `P = $4,257`. Therefore, the household's maximum willingness to pay for insurance is $4,257.
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currently, dollar bills in the united states are an example of:
Currently, dollar bills in the United States are an example of fiat money.
Fiat money is a type of currency that has value because the government declares it to be legal tender, meaning it is accepted as a form of payment within the country. The value of fiat money is not backed by a physical commodity like gold or silver but is based on the trust and confidence placed in the government and the economy.
In the case of dollar bills in the United States, they are issued by the Federal Reserve, which is the central bank of the country. The U.S. government declares these dollar bills to be legal tender, and they are widely accepted for transactions within the United States. The value of the U.S. dollar is primarily determined by factors such as supply and demand, monetary policy, and the overall health of the U.S. economy.
Therefore, dollar bills in the United States represent fiat money, which is the prevailing form of currency in many modern economies around the world.
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as a result of increased tension in the middle east, oil production is down by 1.21 million barrels per day-a 5 percent reduction in the world's supply of crude oil explain the likely impact of this event on the market for gasoline and the market for small cars
The likely impact of the decreased oil production on the market for gasoline and the market for small cars would be higher gasoline prices and a potential shift in consumer demand towards more fuel-efficient vehicles.
A decrease in oil production, especially on a global scale, can have significant effects on the market for gasoline and small cars. Here's an explanation of the likely impacts:
1. Market for gasoline:
With a 5% reduction in the world's supply of crude oil, the availability of oil for refining into gasoline decreases. This decrease in supply can lead to higher gasoline prices in the market. When the supply of a product decreases, assuming demand remains relatively stable, prices tend to rise. As a result, consumers may experience higher costs at the pump, leading to increased expenses for transportation and potentially impacting their overall spending patterns.
2. Market for small cars:
Higher gasoline prices can influence consumer preferences in the automotive market. As the cost of fuel rises, consumers may become more conscious of their fuel expenses and seek more fuel-efficient options. This shift in consumer demand may lead to an increased interest in small cars or vehicles with better fuel economy. Automakers may respond to this change by focusing more on the production and marketing of fuel-efficient vehicles to meet consumer preferences.
The decrease in oil production, coupled with a reduction in the world's supply of crude oil, is likely to result in higher gasoline prices in the market. This, in turn, may lead to a shift in consumer demand towards small cars or vehicles with better fuel efficiency. The market for gasoline and small cars would be influenced by these changes, with consumers potentially facing increased costs for transportation and seeking more economical options in response to higher fuel prices.
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As the manager of a firm you calculate the marginal revenue is $252 and marginal cost is $200. You should • A. expand output until marginal revenue equals zero
B. reduce output until marginal revenue equals marginal cost • C. reduce output beyond the level where marginal revenue equals zero
D. expand output
Based on the given information, as the manager of a firm where the marginal revenue is $252 and the marginal cost is $200, you should choose option B.
To reduce output until marginal revenue equals marginal cost. The optimal decision for a profit-maximizing firm is to produce where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. This is because at that point, the firm is maximizing its profit.
If the marginal revenue exceeds the marginal cost (as in this case), it indicates that producing an additional unit of output generates more revenue than the cost incurred. By reducing the output, you can bring the marginal revenue and marginal cost closer to each other, which would help in maximizing the profit.
Expanding output until marginal revenue equals zero (option A) would not be the optimal choice because it would imply producing beyond the point of maximum profit. Similarly, reducing output beyond the level where marginal revenue equals zero (option C) would lead to a suboptimal outcome as the firm would be producing less than the profit-maximizing level. Option D, expanding output, would not be the optimal decision either since the marginal revenue already exceeds the marginal cost, and expanding output further would not maximize profit.
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In 2021, Mr. Martin resides for 5 months in country A living in a property he owns
and the remaining months of the year in country B in an apartment he owns.
Mr. Martin's annual income comes from the following sources:
Dividends earned in country A receives 257,400 euros
For financial investments he has in country B he receives 65,000 euros
Both countries, A and B, set identical conditions for determining residence for tax
purposes and are:
Stay in the country for more than 183 days, and
Have a residence (real estate) on property at your disposal
In addition, in country A taxes the income obtained in its territory by non-residents
with a tax rate of 30%, while country B does it with a rate of 20%. In both countries,
resident companies are taxed at a rate of 22%. There is no agreement signed between
these two countries to avoid double taxation.
IT IS REQUESTED:
A) To determine the country of residence of Mr. Martin
B) Determine the taxes that Mr. Martin pays in country A and those that he pays in
country B, knowing that both countries apply the direct imputation method with
global limit, as well as the indirect imputation method.
In 2021, Mr. Martin is liable to pay taxes on the income obtained in country A, where he has resided for 5 months, as per the global limit and indirect imputation method.
In the given scenario, Mr. Martin has lived in country A for five months, and he owns a property in the country. Therefore, according to the tax laws of country A, he is liable to pay taxes on the income obtained in the country. Moreover, country A follows the global limit and indirect imputation method of taxation, which implies that Mr. Martin's worldwide income would be considered while computing his tax liability in the country.The global limit method refers to the process where a resident is liable to pay tax on the income obtained both in and outside the country, but the tax liability would be limited to the amount of tax payable on income sourced within the country. On the other hand, the indirect imputation method is a taxation method that implies that the tax authorities would impute a certain amount of income on non-residents. This is done to ensure that non-residents pay their share of taxes on income obtained in the country.
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Did Volkswagen respond to the crisis well enough? Discuss the model of crisis management.
Discuss the differences between German and Anglo-American Corporate Governance Structures. Comment on the corporate governance structures of Volkswagen Group.
What were the causes of corporate misbehavior at VW? What should it do to prevent similar crises in the future?
What should Corporate Social Responsibility truly mean? How can the VW Group integrate CSR throughout the company?
Why woulda leading corporation which was awarded several social responsibility recognition engage in such a scam?
The Volkswagen Group creates and oversees a wide range of CSR activities globally, all of which are inspired by the following fundamental principles: The initiatives address a particular regional issue while adhering to the group's core beliefs. The objective of this program is to provide an integrated and long-term strategy to environmental management that combines a special blend of social, technological, and financial approaches. The project would provide the community as a whole the ability to start and sustain resources like watering the land.
The defeat gadget basically had a setup that permitted their Adolf Hitler got engaged in 1934, while many of the ideas mentioned above were still in the planning or development Volkswagen phases, and he ordered the creation of a basic vehicle that could carry two adults and three children at a speed of 100 km/h (62 mph). He desired a vehicle that environmental would be affordable for every German household.
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Benz Incorporated has 600,000 shares of common stock outstanding on December 31, 2017. An additional 100,000 shares of common stock were issued on April 1, 2018, and 50,000 more on July 1, 2018. On October 1, 2018, Benz declared a 10% common stock dividend. On November 1, Benz purchased 12,000 of its own stock.
What was the number of shares to be used in computing basic earnings per share?
If net income is $950,000 and preferred dividends paid is $90,000, compute EPS to the nearest penny.
The basic earnings per share (EPS) is approximately $1.06.
To compute the number of shares used in computing basic earnings per share (EPS), we need to track the changes in the number of shares outstanding throughout the given period.
Starting with 600,000 shares on December 31, 2017, we have the following changes:
April 1, 2018: Additional 100,000 shares issued. Total shares: 600,000 + 100,000 = 700,000 shares.
July 1, 2018: Additional 50,000 shares issued. Total shares: 700,000 + 50,000 = 750,000 shares.
October 1, 2018: 10% common stock dividend declared. This means an additional 10% of the outstanding shares are issued as dividends. Total shares: 750,000 + (10% * 750,000) = 825,000 shares.
November 1, 2018: 12,000 shares repurchased. Total shares: 825,000 - 12,000 = 813,000 shares.
Therefore, the number of shares to be used in computing basic EPS is 813,000.
To calculate EPS, we divide the net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Since the given period is not specified, we'll assume it's for the entire year.
EPS = (Net Income - Preferred Dividends) / Weighted Average Number of Common Shares
= ($950,000 - $90,000) / 813,000
= $860,000 / 813,000
≈ $1.06 (to the nearest penny)
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You run a construction firm. You just won a contract to build in our office complex. building it will require an investment of 10.2 million today and 4.5 million in one year. The government will pay you 21.4 million in one year upon the buildings completion. Supposed to interest rate is 10.9%. What is the NPV of this proposal rounded to two decimal places?
The NPV of this proposal rounded to two decimal places is 5.88 million.
Net Present Value (NPV) of the given proposal:
NPV = Present Value of Cash Inflows - Present Value of Cash Outflows
Present Value of Cash Outflows:
Cash Outflows = 10.2 million today + 4.5 million in one year
Cash Outflows = 10.2 + (4.5 / (1 + 0.109)) [since interest rate is given as 10.9%]
Cash Outflows = 13.47 million
Present Value of Cash Inflows:
The government will pay 21.4 million in one year upon the building’s completion.
Present Value of Cash Inflows = Future Value of Cash Inflows / (1 + r)^n
Where, r = rate of interest
n = number of years
Future Value of Cash Inflows = 21.4 million
n = 1 year
PV of Cash Inflows = 21.4 million / (1 + 0.109)^1 = 19.35 million
NPV of the proposal = Present Value of Cash Inflows - Present Value of Cash Outflows= 19.35 - 13.47= 5.88
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What is the difference between Debts and Liabilities?
Debts and liabilities are two financial terms that are sometimes used interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings. Debts are what a person or business owes, whereas liabilities refer to a broader range of obligations. A debt is a specific amount of money that has been borrowed and must be repaid.
Liabilities, on the other hand, include debts but also encompass other types of obligations, such as unpaid taxes, wages, and interest payments, among others. In accounting terms, liabilities are classified as current or long-term, depending on whether they are due within the next 12 months or beyond.
In summary, debts are a subset of liabilities, and while debts can be considered a type of liability, liabilities extend beyond just owing money.
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Sure or false ?
Farmer Jane’s potato store is a perfectly competitive firm which
generates $1,000 producer surplus per week. The average variable
cost and average fixed cost are $50 and $25, respect
The given statement " Farmer Jane’s potato store is a perfectly competitive firm which generates $1,000 producer surplus per week. The average variable cost and average fixed cost are $50 and $25 " is false.
Farmer Jane's potato store being a perfectly competitive firm does not necessarily mean it generates a specific producer surplus per week. The producer surplus can vary based on various factors such as market conditions, demand, and cost structure.
Additionally, the information provided about the average variable cost and average fixed cost is not relevant to determine whether the firm is perfectly competitive or to calculate the producer surplus.
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ken lay is said to have ""wrapped himself in the cloak of moral rectitude."" what does this mean?
The phrase “wrapped himself in the cloak of moral rectitude” is a metaphorical statement which means the impression given by someone of being ethical or of high moral standards, and it is usually done in order to protect themselves from criticism.
Ken Lay is the late founder and CEO of Enron Corporation, who was a public figure and, unfortunately, a significant player in one of the most significant corporate scandals in history. His case is an example of how individuals can utilize moral justifications to deceive others.
The phrase 'cloak of moral rectitude' implies that Lay had a facade of honesty that he could use to deflect any allegations or criticisms. Lay used his moral righteousness to cultivate a trustworthy reputation among investors and the public, portraying himself as a champion of integrity and ethical conduct, despite his massive frauds and unethical business practices.
Ken Lay's cloak of moral righteousness may have created an aura of a leader who was infallible, honest, and capable of ethical conduct, allowing him to operate his company as he pleased without fear of consequences.
In essence, Lay created the impression of being an ethical leader to enhance his status and give legitimacy to his actions and the company.
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Which of the following statements is not true about the Project Charter?
Select one:
a. It should be approved by the project manager
b. It gives authority to the project manager
c. It is signed by the project sponsor
d. It may contain the names of important stakeholders
The Project Charter is an important document that lays down the groundwork for the project. It is a document that authorizes the project and gives authority to the project manager to proceed with the project.Therefore, the correct option that is not true about the Project Charter is option d.
It is an essential document that guides the project manager throughout the project.However, one of the following statements is not true about the Project Charter. It is given as option b. It gives authority to the project manager. This statement is true, as the Project Charter provides authority to the project manager to proceed with the project.
It may contain the names of important stakeholders. The names of important stakeholders are a crucial part of the Project Charter, and it identifies them and defines their roles and responsibilities.
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5 years ago, barton industries issued 25-year noncallable, semiannual bonds with a $1,000 face value and a 6% coupon, semiannual payment ($30 payment every 6 months). the bonds currently sell for $822.87. if the firm's marginal tax rate is 25%, what is the firm's after-tax cost of debt? do not round intermediate calculations. round your answer to two decimal places.
The after-tax cost of debt is 2.81%.
Given Information: 5 years ago, Barton Industries issued 25-year non-callable, semi-annual bonds with a $1,000 face value and a 6% coupon, semi-annual payment.
Calculation of After-tax cost of debt: The formula for the after-tax cost of debt is as follows:
After-tax cost of debt = Pre-tax cost of debt x (1 − Marginal tax rate)
We have to calculate the pre-tax cost of debt first. We can use the following formula to calculate the pre-tax cost of debt.
PV = Pmt [(1 - 1/(1+r)^n)/r] + FV/(1+r)^n
Where,PV = Present value
= $822.87Pmt
= Semi-annual coupon payment
= $30n
= Number of semi-annual periods
= 25 × 2
= 50FV
= Face value
= $1,000
Solving the above equation for r,
we get: r = 0.037405 (3.74%)
The pre-tax cost of debt is 3.74%.
The after-tax cost of debt can now be calculated as follows:
After-tax cost of debt = Pre-tax cost of debt x (1 − Marginal tax rate)
= 0.037405 x (1-0.25)
= 0.028054 or 2.81%
Answer: The after-tax cost of debt is 2.81%.
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Automobile industry French carmaker Renault rallied following news that it was expanding its collaboration with US chipmakers Qualcomm. At the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Qualcomm said it would be equipping upcoming Renault motors with "the latest connected and intelligent solutions for its next-generation vehicles". Source: Adapted from R. Douglas (2022), "Wall Street", The Financial Times, (6th January 2022). 1. How does the principal-agent problem apply to the Renault-Qualcomm partnership?
In the Renault-Qualcomm collaboration, the principal-agent issue comes into play when there is a divergence of objectives between Renault and Qualcomm.
The principal, Renault, wants the highest quality chipsets at the lowest possible price, which is a clear goal of any profit-seeking company.
The agent, Qualcomm, also aims to earn a profit, but it may prefer to provide lower-quality chips at a higher price to maximize profits rather than providing the highest quality chips at the lowest possible price.
Qualcomm may also choose to prioritize profits over quality in order to satisfy shareholders and senior executives who are more interested in short-term financial gains than in long-term company goals. Renault may also attempt to push Qualcomm to lower its prices even further, which could result in a lower quality chipset than Renault desires.
In order to resolve this conflict, both parties should establish clear goals and expectations for the partnership, as well as an open line of communication to address any issues that arise. They should work together to make sure that their objectives align and that both parties benefit from the partnership.
Additionally, a contract specifying the terms and conditions of the agreement can be drawn up to ensure that both parties are accountable to each other and that their interests are aligned.
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3. Suppose the following demand schedule for compact discs. Price Quantity demanded Income = $10,000 40 Quantity demanded Income = $12,000 8 50 10 32 45 12 24 30 14 16 20 16 8 12 a) Calculate the price elasticity of demand as the price of a compact disc increases from $8 to $10 if (i) your income is $10,000 and (ii) your income is $12,000 b) Calculate your income elasticity of demand as your income increases from $10,000 to $12,000 if (i) the price is $12 and (ii) the price is $16. 4. Two drivers - Tom and Jerry-cach drive up to a petrol station. Before looking at the price and starting to pump petrol, Tom says: I will buy 10 litres of petrol. Jerry says: I will buy $10 of petrol. Comment on each driver's price elasticity of demand. 5. To get some practise in calculating elasticity using the mid-point formula, you should try and fill out the following table. Price ($) QD (units) Ed 10 10,000 13,000 17,000 22,000 25,000 2987 6
The following demand schedule for compact discs. Price Quantity demanded Income = $10,000 40 Quantity demanded Income = $12,000 8 50 10 32 45 12 24 30 14 16 20 16 8 12.
a) Calculation of price elasticity of demand (PEoD) using the mid-point formula PEoD = [(Q2 - Q1) / (Q2 + Q1) / 2] ÷ [(P2 - P1) / (P2 + P1) / 2]
(i) Income = $10,000[(40 - 50) / ((40 + 50) / 2)] ÷ [(10 - 8) / ((10 + 8) / 2)] = -2.22 (ii) Income = $12,000[(32 - 45) / ((32 + 45) / 2)] ÷ [(10 - 8) / ((10 + 8) / 2)]=-4.293
b) Calculation of income elasticity of demand:-
(IEoD)IEoD = [(Q2 - Q1) / (Q2 + Q1) / 2] ÷ [(I2 - I1) / (I2 + I1) / 2]
Where: (i) = $10,000I2 = $12,000(i) P = $12Q1 = 32Q2 = 24[(24 - 32) / ((24 + 32) / 2)] ÷ [(12,000 - 10,000) / ((12,000 + 10,000) / 2)] = -1.33
(ii) P = $16Q1 = 16Q2 = 12[(12 - 16) / ((12 + 16) / 2)] ÷ [(12,000 - 10,000) / ((12,000 + 10,000) / 2)] = -0.67
4) Tom and Jerry are the two drivers. Tom has an inelastic demand for petrol because, irrespective of the price, he is willing to buy 10 litres of petrol. Jerry's demand is price elastic because he has a fixed budget of $10, meaning he will buy more petrol when prices are low and less petrol when prices are high.
5) The completed table is shown below:-
Price ($) QD (units) Ed (mid-point formula)
10 10,000 -0.33 (inelastic)
10 13,000 -0.48 (inelastic)
10 17,000 -0.58 (inelastic)
10 22,000 -0.67 (inelastic)
10 25,000 -0.69 (inelastic)
10 29,987 -0.83 (inelastic)
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