Except for gametes, all mammal cells are diploid.
With the exception of the gametes, almost all animal cells are diploid, however some are polyploid (three or more copies of each chromosome, often found in plants). The human genome has 46 diploid chromosomes, which is twice as many as the 23 haploid chromosomes found in human ova and sperm.
From the Greek term meaning "double," a cell or organism with two sets or copies (or homologs), typically one from each parent and so twice the number of haploids, of each somatic chromosome.
The right response is (a) gametes. In contrast to diploid cells, which have two sets of chromosomes, haploid cells only have one set.
Due to the fusing of two haploid gametes, all mammals are diploids genetically. The haploid gamete cells make sure that the amount of chromosomes or genetic material is constant from generation to generation.
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What is somatic genetic mutation?
What disease did Claire have in Outlander?
Claire have amoebic dysentery in Outlander.
An creature known as a parasite can enter your intestines and cause amebiasis, also known as amoebic dysentery. The sickness may result in fever, stomach pains, diarrhoea, and nausea. Antibiotics are typically used by healthcare experts to treat it.
A person contracts amebiasis by putting anything in their mouth that has come into contact with contaminated waste product, as well as by consuming tainted food, water, or both.
You can take medication to get rid of the parasites in your blood, intestines, and liver if you have symptoms of amoebic dysentery. These medicines will be taken by you for approximately 10 days. Iodoquinol or diloxanide furoate are two medications used by doctors to treat amoebic dysentery that doesn't manifest any symptoms.
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Which two sentences describe how a team of engineers would be likely to use a physical model during the engineering design process?
A. They might develop a prototype that works differently than the
actual design so they do not confuse the results.
B. They might build and test a smaller model if the full-size design is
too expensive.
C. They might build a larger model in order to use up any extra
materials.
D. They might create a prototype of the real-life object to test and
refine their design.
D. They might create a prototype of the real-life object to test and refine their design.
B. They might build and test a smaller model if the full-size design is too expensive.
What is a physical model during the engineering design process?A physical model is a tangible representation of a system or design that is used to understand, visualize, test, or demonstrate various aspects of the system. It is a common tool used in the engineering design process to explore and analyze the characteristics and behavior of a system under different conditions. Physical models can be used to test the performance, reliability, and feasibility of a design before it is built or implemented on a larger scale.
There are many different types of physical models that can be used in the engineering design process, including prototypes, mock-ups, scale models, and simulations. Prototypes are early versions of a product that are used to test and refine the design. Mock-ups are simplified versions of a design that are used to visualize and evaluate the appearance and functionality of a product. Scale models are reduced-size versions of a product that are used to test the performance and functionality of a design on a smaller scale. Simulations are computer-based models that are used to predict the behavior of a system under different conditions.
Physical models are often used in conjunction with other tools and techniques, such as computer-aided design (CAD) software, mathematical modeling, and simulations, to explore and optimize the design of a system. They are a valuable tool for helping engineers to understand and address the various challenges and requirements of a design, and to identify and resolve any problems or issues that may arise.
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during open-heart surgery, a defibrillator can be used to bring a patient out of cardiac arrest.
During open-heart surgery, a defibrillator can be used to bring a patient out of cardiac arrest, and this is true as the defibrillator is a device that can be used for the heart and can get the patient back from the arrest.
What is cardiac arrest, and what are its consequences?The heart is the most important organ of the body as it helps in blood circulation, so if the heart beats irregularly, it leads to cardiac arrest so to get back to a normal heart rate, an electric stimulus is given, and the heart can do its proper function by beating properly.
Hence, during open-heart surgery, a defibrillator can be used to bring a patient out of cardiac arrest, and this is true as the defibrillator is a device that can be used for the heart and can get the patient back from the arrest.
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What are five important things biology helps us do?
Answer:
Understand the spread of diseases in order to prevent receiving them.Gain an appreciation for life and nature.Study the spread of hereditary diseases and disabilities.Bring awareness to the spread and prevention of STIs.Learn how the reproduction of cells work and how that can lead to the formation of cancer cells and/or mutations in cells.The ________ and __________ are the vessels in the fetal pig heart that is absent in adults.
The foramen ovale is the part of the adult heart that corresponds to the fetal heart's opening between its two atria.
In contrast to adult pig hearts, the foramen ovale is not present in fetal pig hearts. Between the right and left auricle, there is a little gap that allows blood to flow freely.
The foramen shuts immediately after birth as a result of rising pressure in the heart chambers, including the cessation of placental flow, which raises right atrial pressure, and the aeration and ventilation of the lungs, which raises venous return from the lungs and raises left atrial pressures.
During fetal development, blood can flow from the right atrium to the left atrium through a hole in the heart tissue called the foramen ovale.
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Researchers believe that schizophrenia has a strong biological basis. the neurotransmitter?
Some researchers have proposed a neurodevelopmental origin for schizophrenia based on anatomical studies that suggest abnormal brain development and premorbid functional deficits.
Recent neurochemical hypotheses have focused on the cortical amino acid neurotransmitter systems . A mental illness called schizophrenia is characterized by recurrent or ongoing psychotic episodes The main symptoms include delusions, disordered thinking, and hallucinations (which usually involve hearing voices). Apathy, diminished emotional expression, and social detachment are further signs. Symptoms often appear gradually, start in adolescence, and in many cases never go away. The diagnosis is made based on observable behavior, a history that includes the person's reported experiences, and the reports of people who are familiar with the person. There is no objective diagnostic test. Symptoms and functional impairment must be present for six months (DSM-5) or one month in order to be diagnosed with schizophrenia (ICD-11). Many persons who suffer from schizophrenia often have other mental illnesses, particularly substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorders.To know more about schizophrenia
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20. A woman has type O blood and her husband has type AB blood. Is it possible for them to have children with the same blood type as their parents?
21. Can a man with type B blood and a woman with type A blood have a child with type O blood?
22. Cross a man that is heterozygous type A and a woman that is homozygous type B. What percentage of their children will be type AB?
23. Which of the following genotypes results in the same phenotype?
a. IAIA and IAIi c. ii and IBi
b. IAIB and IAIA d. IAIB and IAIA
20. A woman has type O blood and her husband has type AB blood. Is it possible for them to have children with the same blood type as their parents? Each biological parent donates one of their two ABO alleles to their child. A mother who is blood type O can only pass an O allele to her son or daughter.
21. Can a man with type B blood and a woman with type A blood have a child with type O blood? One parent with A and another with B can produce a child with A, B, AB or O blood types. If one parent has A and another has AB, they can either produce a child with A, B or AB blood types. If one parent has A and another has O, they can either produce a child with A or O blood types. For example my father has an A blood type and my mother has an O blood type. My blood type is O+.
22. Cross a man that is heterozygous type A and a woman that is homozygous type B. What percentage of their children will be type AB? There is no chance of a child with Type O. If one parent is AB, there is no chance any child can be O because the AB parent doesn't have a "i" to pass on.
23. Which of the following genotypes results in the same phenotype?
a. IAIA and IAIi c. ii and IBi
b. IAIB and IAIA d. IAIB and IAIA
Anwser: IAIA and IAil
I hope this helped you and sending you wonderful Christmas whishes!
What are the end product and reactants in light-dependent reaction and light independent reaction?
The light-dependent processes involving the Calvin cycle byproducts ADP and NADP+ replenish the reactants.
To manufacture carbohydrates from light, water, and carbon dioxide, the entire photosynthetic process depends on the coordinated operation of both the light-dependent and dark processes.
The energy-storing molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH are produced by the light-dependent processes using light energy, which is then used to create the other two molecules required for the next phase of photosynthesis. In the thylakoid membranes of organelles referred to as chloroplasts in plants, light reactions take occur.
Glucose, NADP+, and water are the end products of the light independent process. NADPH, CO2, and ATP are the reactants.
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Ill give you crown please help
Describe Darwin’s key observations on the Galapagos Islands, as well as upon return to Britain. What specifically did he notice about the following?
a. Tortoises-
b. Finches-
c. Fossils of extinct organisms as compared to living organisms-
d. Embryos of developing organisms-
e. Animal breeding (dog example)-
f. His own family-
Answer: Embryos of developing organisms
1. Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into energy stored in the molecule _________. Aerobic respiration requires the presence of Oxygen___________ and releases water and _________________ as waste products.
Answer:
Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into energy stored in the molecule ATP. Aerobic respiration requires the presence of Oxygen and releases water and carbon dioxide as waste products.
Explanation:
mark had a stroke that damaged broca's area in his left frontal lobe. what ability would be most affected by this injury?
If mark had a stroke that damaged Broca's area in his left frontal lobe. his ability of Speech production would be most affected by this injury.
The functions associated with speech production are the primary focus of Broca's area, which is located in the left frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere. Thus, whenever it is harmed, it influences discourse creation.
Changes in behavior and personality, self-control, and decision-making are all influenced by the frontal lobe.
The primary function of Wernicke's area, which is located in the temporal lobe, is language comprehension.
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Background Describe Claire's symptoms. Explain how they were related to metabolism and homeostasis.
Claire's symptoms include an increased appetite, less energy, and continuing to eat without an obvious weight gain. Claire's mood is currently positive, despite the fact that she has recently been more anxious than thrilled about her career. Claire always liked reading, but she claims that her eyesight has worsened to the point that she can no longer do so.
Claire's Symptoms were Metabolic and HomeostaticThe body stores and consumes energy through metabolism. Homeostasis is needed for metabolism to work, and metabolism helps preserve homeostasis. Stress, activity, and employment may disturb Claire's metabolism and symptoms. Thus, it can be stated that there was a homeostatic imbalance that affected her metabolism.
The following are Claire's complete background symptoms that the student needs to analyze:
Claire's mood is good, as she pictures or describes her symptoms, albeit she has recently been more overwhelmed than energized about her work. Claire used to enjoy reading, but she says she hasn't been able to do so recently due to her impaired eyesight. Claire opens up about having put in so much work as a mother that she regrets that her employment will be the moment at which her children leave for college. Besides, her mother's health is deteriorating, and she is concerned that her better half, who has been spending a great deal of time away from home, may abandon her. Claire is able to sleep because she took a medication before bed. She doesn't have enough energy during the day because she doesn't do much. Claire has gained thirty pounds since she stopped working and now spends most of her time at home watching TV and surfing the internet. Claire's mother has been chastising her for using Lortabs and drinking alcohol, which Claire accepts as motivation to keep it together. Claire states she's burned up with letting her family down before the meeting ends.Learn more about Claire’s symptoms here: brainly.com/question/28685931
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Which of the following nutrients are commonly found in human food?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Proteins
C. Fats.
D. All of the above.
Answer:
Carbohydrates, Proteins and fats are one of the most common nutrients found in food, so the answer is option D All of the above.
Explanation:
There are seven major nutrients which should be consumed on regular basis and are found in our daily food items. Top three include carbohydrates, proteins and Fats.
Carbohydrates are found in vast variety of foods we daily consume. Some of which are rice, potatoes, bread, milk e.t.c
Proteins are usually found in eggs, polutry and fish whereas meat and dairy products are considered to be good source of fats.
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Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates are some of the most prevalent nutrients in meals. Hence option D is correct.
What are nutrients?Nutrients are defined as the chemical compounds needed to control how the body functions. A nutrient is a substance needed by the body for survival, growth, and reproduction, according to the World Health Organization. Nutrients, in other words, are what provide us energy and enable our bodies to carry out their fundamental activities.
The three main categories of macronutrients in food that are needed in considerable amounts on a daily basis are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. They provide all of the diet's calories and 90% of its dry weight. Water, carbs, protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals are the six main nutrients. Human bodily cells all contain protein.
Thus, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates are some of the most prevalent nutrients in meals. Hence option D is correct.
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Can you fill in the blank spaces thx!
Once upon a time there were very nice birds with long tail, and beautiful heads, and printed wings living in a mountain called Mountain Leguma.
What are birds?
This question refers to the Emily Dickinson's poem "Hope." In that particular poem, the poet compares the feeling of hope to a bird. She says that lets Hope is the thing with feathers as she is referring to birds.
She says that hope never dies; it always lives in us, giving us the motivation to keep going, and to fight. She also says that even though hope gives us so much, it never asks for anything in return.
Therefore, Once upon a time there were very nice birds with long tail, and beautiful heads, and printed wings living in a mountain called Mountain Leguma.
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Bulary Review: Dose-response Analysis Reset Help 1. The is the adverse effects an organism experiences when exposed to a toxic substance. dose 2. The amount of a toxic substance to which an organism is exposed is the response 3. Some toxic substances elicit effects only when they overwhelm the body's defenses above an) dose. LDS ED. threshold 4. One example of a(n) would be the quantity of a toxic substance that causes 50% of lab rats to show reduced appetite after exposure. 5. The organisms. is the quantity of a toxic substance needed to kill half of the study Cuba\\
Drug efficacy in cell lines is tested in research called drug dose-response studies. To determine which medications should be tested on patients first, they are frequently employed in cancer research.
1. Reaction
Regarding side effects or drug effectiveness, it refers to how a drug affects a pathologic or physiological process.
2. Dose
It is the dosage of a prescription or medication that a doctor advises patients to take and when.
3. Threshold
When a harmful chemical surpasses the body's defences above a certain threshold, they occasionally only produce a response.
4. ED50
The amount of a medication that will have an effect on 50% of the population receiving it is known as the median effective dose response.
5. LD50
50 % Lethal Dose. It gauges a substance's toxicity. It will calculate the amount of medication needed to eliminate half the population.
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Is blood plasma a solvent or solute?
It is real! About 90% of the water in plasma, the liquid component of human blood, is water.
A solution or a solvent, is blood plasma?Salts, glucose, urea, and a few other minor chemicals are all present in blood as a solution. It is a mixture of antibodies, transport proteins, and albumin found in plasma.
What are the blood's solute and solvent?The answer is in our blood. The solutes are different and include substances like glucose, salt, potassium, iodine, red blood cells, white blood cells, and more. The solvent is water. About 92% of plasma is water. Along with albumin, gamma globulin, and anti-hemophilic factor, it also contains 7% essential proteins, as well as 1% of mineral salts, carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, and vitamins. Plasma performs four crucial tasks for our body: 1.
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correctly label the following parts of a chemical synapse.
AXON,AXON TERMINAL,SYNAPTIC VESICLES,SYNAPTIC CLEFT,MITOCHONDRIA,NEUROTRASMITTER RELEASE,RECEPTORS.
In vertebrates, a nerve cell's (or neuron's) long, slender projection, known as an AXON, is normally responsible for carrying electrical impulses known as action potentials away from the nerve cell body.
, a thin nerve fibre that carries electrical information to a neural synapse, is the very tip of a branch of a nerve. By means of a neurotransmitter, the signal will cross the synapse and travel to another axon.
Synaptic vesicles neurotransmitters are released at synapses, they are stored here. The cell continuously recreates these, which are crucial for the transmission of nerve impulses between neurons.
Two neurons are separated by a synaptic clef (SYNAPTIC CLEFT). It creates a connection between two or more neurons and facilitates nerve impulse transmission from one neuron to another.
RECEPTORS: The terminals relase transmitter substances into a gap called synaptic cleft between the terminals and the dendrites of the next neuron. The information is receives by the dendrite receptores of the postsynaptic cell that are connected to it.
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How do virus differ from living cells?
The main characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from cells is that the viruses are alive only when they come in contact with the living body.
What are the evidences of occurrence of viruses?The earliest evidence for the occurrence of viruses was the discovery of an infectious agent in the sap of a tobacco plant. Experiments were set with different filters from which bacteria could pass but viruses being even smaller than bacteria could not pass.
Viruses were difficult to study because they are very small and couldn't be seen even under a microscope.Wendell Stanley made his studies on the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).
Therefore, The main characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from cells is that the viruses are alive only when they come in contact with the living body.
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How many genotypes do 4 genes have?
4 alleles there are 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10 genotypes.
The genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material. Genotype can also be used to refer to the alleles or variants an individual carries in a particular gene or genetic location.
The number of alleles an individual can have in a specific gene depends on the number of copies of each chromosome found in that species, also referred to as ploidy. In diploid species like humans, two full sets of chromosomes are present, meaning each individual has two alleles for any given gene.
If both alleles are the same, the genotype is referred to as homozygous. If the alleles are different, the genotype is referred to as heterozygous.
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The plant in the vivarium uses
Answer: Vivariums are enclosed spaces designed to provide a stable environment for animals and plants to be observed or studied.
which statement about mutations is incorrect? gene mutations affect a single gene, whereas chromosome mutations affect the number or structure of chromosomes. somatic mutations are numerous, occurring at a rate one per every million cell division. germ-line and somatic mutations are both passed on to offspring. mutations are a source of all genetic variation. mutations can be used to examine biological processes.
The statement that is incorrect is that somatic mutations are numerous, occurring at a rate one per every million cell division. While somatic mutations do occur at a high rate, they are not as numerous as germ-line mutations and occur at a rate much lower than one per million cell divisions.
Gene mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA that affect a single gene and can be either germ-line or somatic mutations. Chromosome mutations involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes, and can also be either germ-line or somatic mutations.
Mutations are a major source of genetic variation in a population and can be used to study biological processes. For example, mutations in genes can help us to understand how genetic variation affects the phenotype of an organism. Mutations can also be used to create model organisms, such as those used in cancer research.
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What blood type has antibodies for a B and Rh antigens?
The blood type that has antibodies for both B and Rh antigens is the O negative blood type. This type of blood is considered the universal donor, meaning it can be safely transfused to any other blood type without fear of the recipient's body rejecting the donated blood.
The O negative blood type is extremely rare, making up only about 7% of the population. It is the only type of blood that has no antigens present, meaning that it is the only type of blood that does not contain either the A, B, or Rh antigens. This makes it ideal for transfusions as it is not compatible with any other blood type.
The B antigen is the most common blood antigen, and the Rh antigen is the second most common. Both of these antigens can cause a reaction when transfused to someone with a different blood type. Due to the lack of these antigens in O negative blood, it can safely be given to someone of any other blood group without fear of a reaction.
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Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes. What is the function of a lysosome?
Answer:
A lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. Lysosomes are involved with various cell processes. They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria.
Explanation:
Lysosomes function as the digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself.
How does the skeletal system muscular system and nervous system all work together?
Your nervous system sends a message to activate your skeletal muscles. Your muscle fibers contract in response to the message. When the muscle activates or bunches up, it pulls on the tendon. Tendons attach muscles to bones.
There is no muscle that prevents you from bending your middle arm because that joint is stable due to the presence of a bone. Instead, muscles are related to the skeleton and function presuming that the skeleton is present. In essence, the skeleton serves as a framework for the muscles.
Numerous nerves are located inside the bones or along the skeleton, where they are protected by the bones, as in the spinal cord.
The nervous system is in charge of the muscles! In fact, the muscles are attached to the skeleton directly, thus it gives them signals like "exercise the muscle now.
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How is protein made using information?
The two procedures are transcription and translation. Transcription is the process through which the genetic information of DNA is transformed into mRNA in the nucleus. These three processes—initiation, elongation, and termination—combine to form this process.
Where do proteins come from?Proteins are composed of long chains of amino acids that fold into recognizable three-dimensional structures.
The bonds that help secure the structure of proteins' final folded forms within the protein molecules make them well-suited for their functions.
The first step in the synthesis of proteins is transcription. The transcription process converts DNA into messenger RNA, or mRNA.
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Which statement best summarizes save the coral reefs quizlet?
Coral reefs are an essential part of the ocean's ecosystem because they provide a home for creatures like crabs and sea turtles. In fact, bleaching is destroying the reefs, which are necessary for the existence of nearly 4,000 species. To save the reefs, more needs to be done right away. Hence, the first statement is correct.
One of the most significant ecosystems in the world is the coral reef. A healthy coral reef can supply some of the most important and required ecological services. They offer food for millions of people, shield the coastlines from storms and erosion, serve as vital fish species' nursery habitats, generate cash for nearby communities through recreation, tourism, and fishing, and serve as a source of new medications.
Numerous species of fish, crabs, shrimp, urchins, sponges, algae, sea turtles and other organisms can be found in coral reefs. Because they have access to a variety of food sources and may hide from predators, these organisms choose to live on coral reefs.
Coral reefs hardly regrow once these corals die because of bleaching. Coral populations are dwindling, making it impossible for them to procreate and endangering the entire reef ecosystems that house both wildlife and humans. As a result, coral reef protection is crucial.
The complete question is -
Which statement best summarizes "Save the Coral Reefs"?
a) Coral reefs are a very important component of the ocean's ecosystem because they support sea life, such as crabs and sea turtles. In fact, over four thousand species depend on the survival of the reefs, which are being destroyed by bleaching. More must be done immediately to save the reefs.
b) Development along the coastal regions has significant negative effects on coral reefs. The reefs are an essential part of the ocean's ecosystem, and when people build structures on top of them, they are easily damaged because they are so fragile. We should limit construction along the coast to protect the reefs.
c) Construction along the coasts, overfishing, and bleaching have seriously damaged the world's coral reefs. Since reefs are a very important part of the ocean's ecosystem, their destruction has a devastating environmental impact, and we must work to protect them.
d) Coral reefs are fragile structures made of limestone. People who build in coastal regions and others who overfish our seas must be stopped, because they don't care about all the species that rely on the survival of reefs, such as sea turtles, clownfish, lobster, sharks, and crabs.
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photophosphorylation during photosynthesis differs from oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration in that
photophosphorylation during photosynthesis differs from oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration in that c. Instead of organic compounds, sunlight generates energy.
Photophosphorylation is the use of light energy from photosynthesis to ultimately provide the energy to convert ADP to ATP. Photophosphorylation takes place in chloroplast during light reaction whereas oxidative phosphorylation takes place in mitochondria during respiration.
All green cells on illumination accomplish photophosphorylation whereas all living cells perform oxidative phosphorylation. In photophosphorylation, energy stored in ATP is obtained by sun, whereas in oxidative phosphorylation, energy stored in ATP is obtained by oxidation of organic compounds. Splitting of water occurs in photophosphorylation whereas synthesis of metabolic water occurs in this process. Photophosphorylation produces reduced coenzymes, whereas oxidative phosphorylation oxidises reduced coenzymes.
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(Complete question)
photophosphorylation during photosynthesis differs from oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration in that
a. energy is stored in the form of a proton (H+) concentration difference.
b. it involves an electron transport chain.
c. the energy is provided by sunlight not by organic compounds.
d. generation of ATP is driven by a flow of protons (H+) through ATP synthase.
dna is made up of different types of nucleotides. which part of a nucleotide is used to determine one nucleotide from another?
DNA is the genetic material found in all living organisms. It is composed of four nucleotides: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). These nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and provide the genetic code that determines the structure and function of an organism.
A nucleotide is composed of three parts: a five-carbon sugar molecule, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. The five-carbon sugar molecule is the same for each nucleotide, but the nitrogenous base is different for each nucleotide. For example, adenine has a nitrogenous base of adenine, cytosine has a nitrogenous base of cytosine, and so on. The nitrogenous base is the part of the nucleotide that is used to determine one nucleotide from another.
The nitrogenous bases are classified into two groups: purines and pyrimidines. Purines are larger molecules with two nitrogenous bases, adenine and guanine, while pyrimidines contain one nitrogenous base, cytosine and thymine. Each nucleotide is unique because of the specific nitrogenous base that it contains. For example, adenine is only found with thymine, and guanine is only found with cytosine. This is known as complementary base pairing and is essential for DNA replication.
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Which three factors determine the formality of a discussion opinion audience and time?
Topic, audience, and purpose are the three factors determine the formality of a discussion.
The purpose of the discussion is to interpret and describe the significance of your findings in light of what was formerly known about the exploration problem being delved , and to explain any new understanding or fresh perceptivity about the problem after you've taken the findings into consideration.
When people come as audience members in a speech situation, they bring with them prospects about the topic, content, and speaker. Violating followership prospects can have a negative impact on the effectiveness of the speech.
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